N physical properties

Lyachshenko number, dimensionless left hand side, dimensionless particle mass, kg pressure, N/m or force, N mass feed rate, kg/s or volumetric flowrate in mVhr drag or resistance force, N physical properties correction factor for slurries Reynolds number, dimensionless right hand side hydraulic radius, m... 

Widak, N. Physical Properties of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers, AOCS Press, Oiampaign. IL. 2000. 

Table n. Physical Properties, SFC Capacity Factors, and GLC Retention Indexes for the PAHs Studied... 

KENT, M. (1987) Collaborative measurements on the colour of tight scattering foods. n Physical Properties of Foods, vol. 2, eds R. Jowitt, F. Escher, M. Kent, B. McKeima and M. Roques, 277-294, Elsevier, London... 

Source Orqanism N° Physical Properties Optical Properties Absolute Stereochemical Status... 

Table n. Physical properties and PALS results for HIQ-40 films... 

Table n. Physical Properties of (AIl7balfonyl)methyl-Sabstitated Po (oxyallylene)s and Their Blends ... 

Muir, WE. and Sinha, R.N., Physical properties of cereal and oilseed cultivars grown in Western Canada, Can. Agric. Eng., 30(l) 51-55 (1988). 

Glycerol DIchlorohydrIn DIchloroisopropyl Alcohol l,3-DIchloropropanol-2 Ct Propeny Id I ch I orohydri n PHYSICAL PROPERTIES... 

M4) Mohsenin, N. N. Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials, Vol. 1, Part II. New York Gordon Breach, Inc., 1970. 

Gasteiger, J. Empirical Methods for the Calculation of Physicochemical Data of Organic Compounds . n Physical Property Prediction in Organic Chemistry, Jochum, C. Hicks, M.G. Sunkel, J., Eds Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 1988, pp. 119-138. 

Apart from chemical composition, an important variable in the description of emulsions is the volume fraction, outer phase. For spherical droplets, of radius a, the volume fraction is given by the number density, n, times the spherical volume, 0 = Ava nl2>. It is easy to show that the maximum packing fraction of spheres is 0 = 0.74 (see Problem XIV-2). Many physical properties of emulsions can be characterized by their volume fraction. The viscosity of a dilute suspension of rigid spheres is an example where the Einstein limiting law is [2]... 

Physical Properties, (i) Triethylamine, b.p. 90 , tri-n-propylamine, b.p. 156 , tri biitylamine, b.p. 212 ", are liquids with a fishy odour, and with decreasing solubility in water. 

Equivalent Weights Acid-base titrations can be used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of matter. One simple example is the determination of the equivalent weighf of acids and bases. In this method, an accurately weighed sample of a pure acid or base is titrated to a well-defined equivalence point using a mono-protic strong acid or strong base. If we assume that the titration involves the transfer of n protons, then the moles of titrant needed to reach the equivalence point is given as... 

Calculate Apj, ATf, ATj, and n for solutions which are 1% by weight in benzene of solutes for which M = 10 and 10 . Assume that these solutions are adequately described by dilute ideal solution expressions. Consult a handbook for the physical properties of benzene. Comment on the significance of the results with respect to the feasibility of these various methods for the determination of M for solutes of high and low molecular weight. 

Butanediol. 1,4-Butanediol [110-63-4] tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, was first prepared in 1890 by acid hydrolysis of N,]S3-dinitro-l,4-butanediamine (117). Other early preparations were by reduction of succinaldehyde (118) or succinic esters (119) and by saponification of the diacetate prepared from 1,4-dihalobutanes (120). Catalytic hydrogenation of butynediol, now the principal commercial route, was first described in 1910 (121). Other processes used for commercial manufacture are described in the section on Manufacture. Physical properties of butanediol are Hsted in Table 2. 

The physical properties of hydrofluorocarbons reflect their polar character, and possibly the importance of intermolecular hydrogen bonding (3). Hydrofluorocarbons often bod higher than either their PFC or hydrocarbon counterparts. For example, l-C H F bods at 91.5°C compared with 58°C for n-Q and 69°C for Within the series of fluorinated methanes, the boiling point reaches a maximum for CH2F2, which contains an equal... 

STMP reacts with other nucleophiles such as aqueous ammonia to yield amidophosphates, which contains a P—N bond. STMP is used for the modification of the physical properties of starch and proteins by reaction with the amino and hydroxyl groups. 

Coordination Compounds. A large number of indium complexes with nitrogen ligands have been isolated, particularly where Ir is in the +3 oxidation state. Examples of ammine complexes include pr(NH3)3] " [24669-15-6], prCl(NH3)] " [29589-09-1], and / j -pr(03SCF3)2(en)2]" [90065-94-4], Compounds of A/-heterocychc ligands include trans- [xCX py)][ [24952-67-8], Pr(bipy)3] " [16788-86-6], and an unusual C-metalated bipyridine complex, Pr(bipy)2(C, N-bipy)] [87137-18-6]. Isolation of this latter complex produced some confusion regarding the chemical and physical properties of Pr(bipy)3]3+ (167). 

When additional substituents ate bonded to other ahcycHc carbons, geometric isomers result. Table 2 fists primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) amine derivatives of cyclohexane and includes CAS Registry Numbers for cis and trans isomers of the 2-, 3-, and 4-methylcyclohexylamines in addition to identification of the isomer mixtures usually sold commercially. For the 1,2- and 1,3-isomers, the racemic mixture of optical isomers is specified ultimate identification by CAS Registry Number is fisted for the (+) and (—) enantiomers of /n t-2-methylcyclohexylamine. The 1,4-isomer has a plane of symmetry and hence no chiral centers and no stereoisomers. The methylcyclohexylamine geometric isomers have different physical properties and are interconvertible by dehydrogenation—hydrogenation through the imine. 

Table 3 fists cycloaliphatic diamines. Specific registry numbers are assigned to the optical isomers of /n t-l,2-cyclohexanediamine the cis isomer is achiral at ambient temperatures because of rapid interconversion of ring conformers. Commercial products ate most often marketed as geometric isomer mixtures, though large differences in symmetry may lead to such wide variations in physical properties that separations by classical unit operations are practicable, as in Du Font s fractional crystallisation of /n t-l,4-cyclohexanediamine (mp 72°C) from the low melting (5°C) cis—trans mixture. 

The three phenylenediamines are all white soHds when pure, but darken after standing in air. They are all very soluble in hot water, for example, about 700 g of 0- or -phenylenediamine are soluble in 100 mL of water at 100°C whereas at room temperature only 4 g dissolve. The physical properties of the phenylenediamines and some of their more important derivatives are given in Table 1. Certain imines of -phenylenediamine are Hquid crystals (1). For example, N,N -bis[ -(octadecyloxy)ben2yhdene]-/)-phenylenediamine [24679-0508] i2is amp of 129, 147, and 183°C (see Liquid crystalline materials). 

Several N-substituted pyrroHdinones eg, ethyl, hydroxyethyl and cyclohexyl, are used primarily in specialized solvent appHcations where their particular physical properties are advantageous. For example, mixtures of l-cyclohexyl-2-pyrroHdinone and water exhibit two phases at temperatures above 50°C below that temperature they are miscible in aH proportions. This phenomenon can be used to facHitate some extractive separations. Mixtures of 1-alkyl-pyrroHdinones that are derived from coconut and taHow amines can be used at lower cost in certain appHcations where they may be used instead of the pure l-dodecyl-2-pyrroHdinone and l-octadecyl-2-pyrroHdinone. 

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