N-hydroxysucdnimide

Goodnow, R.A.Jr. and Shao, H. (2005) Polymer-bound N-hydroxysucdnimide, in Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Reagents for Glycoside, Nucleotide and Peptide Synthesis (ed. D. Crich), John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp. 525-8. 

Synthesis of triazine haptens and hapten-protein conjugates. Simazine and atrazine were derivatized with mercaptopropionic add (mpa) at Rl, or aminohexanoic acid (aha) at R2, and these haptens were covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemoyanin (KLH), conalbumin (CON), or bovine serum albumin (BSA), by forming active esters with N-hydroxysucdnimide (g) (Figure 1, structures III and IV). This technique was also used to couple simazine-aminohexanoic add to calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (Figure 1, structure V), for use as the %aptenated enzyme in the EIA format described below. 

Synthesis of Bromoacetyl-N-hydroxysucdnimide See Fig. 1). Bromo-acetic acid (0.5 mmole, 66 mg) is dissolved in 0.6 ml of dry dioxane and 0.2 ml of dry ethyl acetate. iV-Hydroxysuccinimide, 0.6 mmole, is added, and the mixture is cooled to 4° in an ice-water bath. Dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, 0.5 mmole, dissolved in 0.5 ml of dry dioxane at 0°, is then added to the mixture. The reaction is stirred for 1 hr in an ice-water... 

YAN 94] Yan M., Cai S.X., Wybourne M.N. et al., N-Hydroxysucdnimide Ester Functionalized Perfluorophenyl Azides as Novel Photoactive Heterobifunctional Crosslinking Reagents. The Covalent Inunobilization of Biomolecules to Polymer Smfaces , Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 5, pp. 151-157, 1994. 

There are many more protocols described throughout the literature. The major problem is identification of the best solution for a particular application. It is advantageous to use a commercially available resin first (cyanogen bromide, N-hydroxysucdnimide, tresyl or epoxy), for which an established immobilization protocol is available. A simple immobilization buffer is recommended for method screening experiments. 

Special precautions Do not alkahze the reaction mixture of the deacetylation at the workup to prevent the formation of 4,5-oxazohdinone derivative. It is noteworthy that the resulting N-hydroxysucdnimide (SuOH) should be extracted with water from the reaction mixture because SuOH is hard to remove by chromatographic separation after the acetylation. 

It has been shown that brashes of end-functionalized PEG with low thickness-to-interanchor spacing ratio exhibit relatively high frictional forces (compared with highly extended brushes of nonadsorbing chains) even at low compression ratios. In contrast to the normal intaactions, the shear forces wae independent of the ion concentration (Figure 16). However, in 0.1 M NaCl, whae the double-laya repulsion is saeened out, attractive forces wae measured upon decompression probably due to weak attraction between the compressed exposed end-functionalized N-hydroxysucdnimide (NHS) carbamate group. Note that uncompressed short or NHS-... 

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