Mycobacteria tuberculosis

The problem has reached the crisis stage, perhaps most acutely for tuberculosis. Drug-resistant Mycobacteria tuberculosis have emerged, especially, in patients being treated for HIV infection (see Box 21-C). Mechanisms of resistance often involve inactivation... 

Tubarine" tubocurarine chloride, tuberoulin [usan] is isolated from Mycobacteria tuberculosis or Mycobacteria bovis, and is used as a... 

Use As broad-spectrum antibiotic, especially against mycobacteria (tuberculosis), rickettsiae, protozoa, and infections of the urinary tract. It finds only limited clinical applications on account of side effects. 

Tuberculostatic tests found that AG and modified eompoimds of AG, AG and AGlm possess tuberculostatic activity in vitro against pathogenic mycobacteria of the same level as free INAH. Partial growth inhibition of mycobacteria tuberculosis was noted for AG and AG. ... 

Figure 1. The structure of the polysaccharide components of the cell wall of Mycobacteria tuberculosis.

Antituberculin Agents. Rifampin [13292-46-17, a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin SV, is a most valuable dmg for treatment of tuberculosis, an infection caused by mycobacteria, leprosy, and an expanding range of other infections (23). Cycloserine [64-41-7] has been used to a limited extent for treatment of tuberculosis as a reserve dmg. Although cycloserine inhibits bacteria by interfering with their cell wall biosynthesis, it has toxic side effects in humans in the form of neurotoxicity. Capreomycin [11003-38-6] and to a much lesser extent viomycin [32988-50-4] both of which are peptides, have also been used for treatment of this disease. 

Pasteurization, the heating of certain fluids, frequentiy milk or dairy products (see Milk and milk products), destroys potentially harmful organisms such as mycobacteria, M. tuberculosis M. bovis or M. avium. Pasteurization, carried out at 62°C for 30 min or at 72°C for 15 s, is not a sterilization procedure. 

Mycobacteria are more resistant than other non-sporulating bacteria to a wide range of biocides. Examples of such organisms axe Mycobacterium tuberculosis, theM avium-intracellulare (MAI) group andM. chelonae (M. chelonei). Of the bacteria, however, the most resistant of all to biocides are bacterial spores, e.g. Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus. 

Mycobacteria consist of a fairly diverse group of acid-fast bacteria. The best-known members areM tuberculosis andM leprae, the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. Other mycobacteria can also cause serious irrfection, e.g. members of the MAI group, and there are many opportunistic species. 

Tuberculosis is on the increase in developed countries such as the USA and UK furthermore, MAI may be associated with AIDS sufferers. Hospital-acquired opportunistic mycobacteria may cause disseminated infection and also lung infections, endocarditis and pericarditis. Transmission of mycobacterial infection by endoscopy is rare, despite a marked increase in the use of flexible fibreoptic endoscopes, but bronchoscopy is probably the greatest hazard for the transmission ofM tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. Thus, biocides used for bronchoscope disinfection must be ehosen carefully to ensure that such transmission does not occur. 

Jesenska A, 1 Sedlacek, J Damborsky (2000) Dehalogenation of haloalkanes by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and other mycobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 219-222. 

Sisson, P. R. Freeman, R. Magee, J. G Lightfoot, N. F. Differentiation between mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Tubercle 1991, 72, 206-209. 

Wieten, G Haverkamp, J. Meuzelaar, H. Boudewijn Engel, H. Berwald, L. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry A new method to differentiate between the mycobacteria of the tuberculosis complex and other mycobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1981,122,109-118. 

Mycobacteria are also killed in vitro, as expected from an antibiotic sharing the properties of the rifamycin family [24], In a study by Soro et al. [25], the MIC of rifaximin was determined for five Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis. MIC concentrations were studied at 6, 20, 90 and 270 pg/ml, respectively. No resistant organisms were found. Growing M. tuberculosis in the presence of varying doses of rifaximin did not induce the occurrence of rifampicin-resistant strains [25]. In addition to this, experimental tubercular infection in the guinea pig was found not to be affected by an oral treatment course with rifaximin, therefore confirming the lack of absorption of the molecule after oral administration [26],... 

Mycobacteria (e.g. M. tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and M. leprae, which causes leprosy). 

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