Multivalency polyvalent interactions

M. Mammen, S.-K. Choi, and G. M. Whitesides, Polyvalent interactions in biological systems Implications for design and use of multivalent ligands and inhibitors, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 37 (1998) 2754—2794. 

Thus, our work suggests that, although other more complicated methods have also been put forward, the prediction that polyvalent interactions should be equal to monovalent interactions raised to the A th power, where N is the number of receptor-ligand interactions, is experimentally valid. Our mannose-/glucose-fiinctionalized dendrimer results suggest that the affinity of multivalent associations can be attenuated in predictable, reliable ways based on the monovalent affinities of the ligands (Wolfenden and Cloninger 2005, 2006). 

Self-assembly of such dendrimers is a dynamic equilibrium process (Fig. 8.9). Conceivably, the non-covalent polyvalent ligands can be optimised with regard to their size and shape in the presence of natural multivalent receptors, as a kind of template for their own multivalent inhibitor, and thus open up a range of physiologically relevant polyvalent interactions [40 a]. 

Polyvalent Interactions in Biological Systems Implications for Design and Use of Multivalent Ligands and Inhibitors. Ange-wandte Chemie International Edition, 2754-2794. 

The second chapter is a comprehensive summary of the polyvalent molecular architectures which have been conceived and synthesized in order to interfere in microbial adhesion processes on cell surfaces, an event where multivalent interactions most often are a prerequisite. Molecular constructs as described in this section can serve to investigate and manipulate fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion, as in the case of E. coli type 1 fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion, which is explored in all structure-biological details in the third chapter. In the following contributions in Chapters 4 and 5, more implications and reflections about bacterial adhesins and... 

In addition to multivalent interactions, the term polyvalency is used, especially if polyfunctional ligands bind to receptors on interfaces like cell membranes, which offer a large number (n 10) of two-dimensionally distributed binding sites, such as extended biological surfaces (e.g., bacteria, cells, viruses) [7,8]. 

Here, N is the number of receptor-ligand interactions. In this case, the enhancement observed for polyvalent association was calculated by setting the cooperativity factor to 1 (a = 1), consistent with observations using various generations of dendrimers and carbohydrate ligand densities. Results from this study suggested that multivalent affinities could be influenced in predictable and therefore tunable ways. These results also provided a new element of control and predictability to the design of synthetic multivalent systems. 

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