Multiplicative prefixes table

Multiplicative prefixes. Multiplicative prefixes (Table 4.2) are used when more than one substituent of a given kind is present in a compound or group. The name of the substituent is cited as a prefix, and two sets of multiplicative prefixes are used, depending on whether the substituent is simple or complex. 

Prefixes indicate, for example, substituents in substitutive nomenclature, as in the name cWorotrisilane, and ligands in additive nomenclature, as in the name aquacobalt. Multiplicative prefixes (Table IV) can be used to indicate the number of constituents or ligands, e.g. hexaaquacobalt. Prefixes may also be used to describe the structural types or... 

However, higher members of the series are named systematically by combining the ending -ane, characteristic of the first four members and implying complete saturation, with a multiplicative prefix of the series penta-, hexa-, etc. of Table 4.2, which indicates the number of carbon atoms constituting the chain. The letter a , which ends the name of the multiplicative prefix, is elided. 

When one heteroatom is present, the locant 1 is attributed to the heteroatom. In many cases, an indicated hydrogen is necessary to describe the structure with accuracy. The presence of more than one heteroatom of any type is indicated by a multiplicative prefix (di-, tri-, etc.). If two or more kinds of heteroatom occur in the same name, the order of citation is the order of their appearance in descending Table 4.8. The numbering starts from the heteroatom cited first in Table 4.8, giving the lowest possible locants to other heteroatoms. 

The names of polynuclear hydrides (i.e. compounds with molecules consisting of chains) are obtained by prefixing the -ane names of Table 5.2 with the appropriate multiplicative prefixes of di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. 

However, when the name of the constituent itself starts with a multiplicative prefix (as in disulfate, dichrdmate. triphosphate, and tetraborate), two successive multiplicative prefixes may be necessary. When this happens, and in other cases simply to avoid confusion, the alternative multiplicative prefixes, bs-. Ins-, tetrakis-. pentakis-. etc. are used [see Table 1-3] and the name of the group acted upon by the alternative prefix is placed m parentheses. 

Additive nomenclature1 is based on the combination of element names or roots of element names and/or ligand names. The simplest and oldest additive nomenclature is binary nomenclature that expresses two components, e.g. sodium chloride. The cationic or electropositive portion of the compound expressed in a binary name is the element name unchanged or a group name ending in -ium , and the anionic or electronegative portion of a compound expressed in the name ends in -ide, -ite or -ate. The proportions of cations and anions in neutral compounds are indicated by Stock numbers or simple or multiplicative prefixes (see Section 3.3.2). Additive nomenclature denotes composition. For examples see Table 1. 

Use of multiplicative prefixes. The proportions of the constituents, be they mono-atomic or polyatomic, may be indicated by numerical prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-. etc.) as detailed in [Table 1-3]. These precede the names they modify, joined... 

Appendix B comprises three tables amino acid abbreviations (common natural), amino acid abbreviations (found in literature - related and unnatural) and Greek and Latin multiplicative prefixes. 

The number of identical chemical entities in a name is expressed by a multiplicative prefix (see Table IV). 

Systematic names are based on the number of atoms in the molecule, indicated by a multiplicative prefix from Table IV. The prefix mono is only used when the element does not normally occur in a monoatomic state. If the number is large and unknown, as in long chains or large rings, the prefix poly may be used. Where necessary, appropriate prefixes (Table V) may be used to indicate structure. When it is desired to specify a particular polymorph of an element with a defined structure (such as the a-, (3- or y-forms of Sg) the method of Section IR-3.4.4 should be used (see Examples 13-15 in Section IR-3.4.4). 

The stoichiometric name of the compound is then formed by combining the name of the electropositive constituent, cited first, with that of the electronegative constituent, both suitably qualified by any necessary multiplicative prefixes ( mono , di , tri , tetra , penta , etc., given in Table IV). The multiplicative prefixes precede the names they multiply, and are joined directly to them without spaces or hyphens. The final vowels of multiplicative prefixes should not be elided (although monoxide , rather than monooxide , is an allowed exception because of general usage). The two parts of the name are separated by a space in English. 

The central atom names are listed after the ligand names. The multiplicative prefix di is used where the central atoms are the same element. Otherwise, the order of the central atom names is obtained using Table VI. The order of the central atom names is reflected in the numbering employed with the K symbols. The ending ate is added if the dinuclear compound is an anion, and a radical dot may be added for radicals. In the case of two different central atoms, the two names are cited inside parentheses and ate is added outside the parentheses. 

Two kinds of multiplicative prefix are available for indicating the number of each type of ligand within the name of the coordination entity (see Table IV). 

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