Moulting

Moult J, T Hubbard, K Fldelis and J T Pedersen 1999. Critical Assessment of Methods of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) Round III. Proteins Structure, Function and Genetics Suppl. 3 2-6. 

J Moult, MNG James. An algorithm for determining the conformation of polypeptide segments m proteins by systematic search. Proteins 1 146-163, 1986. 

K Fidelis, PS Stern, D Bacon, I Moult. Comparison of systematic search and database methods for constructing segments of protein structure. Protein Eng 7 953-960, 1994. 

P Koehl, M Delame. A self consistent mean field approach to simultaneous gap closure and side-chain positioning m protein homology modelling. Nature Struct Biol 2 163-170, 1995. R Samudrala, J Moult. A graph-theoretic algorithm for comparative modeling of protein structure. J Mol Biol 279 287-302, 1998. 

J Moult, T Flubbard, SFI Bryant, K Fidelis, JT Pedersen. Critical assessment of methods of protein structure prediction (CASP) Round II. Proteins Suppl 1 2-6, 1997. 

The A -6-ketone functionality in polyhydroxy cholestanes is common to all the insect moulting hormones of the ecdysone type. Therefore, there has recently been considerable interest in the introduction of A -double bonds into 6-ketones. The different approaches that follow illustrate the utility of isomerization, rearrangement, and blocking groups. 

Caterpillars and other moulting insects excrete the hormone a-ecdysone which at moulting time becomes hydroxylated to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), which in turn triggers the moulting process enabling the insect to shed its exoskeleton and resume feeding. Rohm and Hass have developed a novel insecticide, tebufenozide (Formula 9.5) which mimics 20-E, binding to the same site. The consequence of this is that the insect stops... 

Furness RW, Muirhead SJ, Woodbum M. 1986. Using bird feathers to measure mercury in the envirorrment relationship between mercitry content and moult. Mar Pollut Bull 17 27-30. 

Stewart FM, Phillips RA, Bartle JA, Craig J, Shooter D. 1999. Influence of phylogeny, diet, moult schedule and sex on heavy metal concentrations in New Zealand Procellarii-formes. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 178 295-305. 

Buprofezin shows insecticidal and acaricidal effects by inhibition of the moulting of nymphs and larvae... 

Unger, R. and Moult, J. (1993) Finding the lowest free energy conformation of a protein is a NP-hard problem proof and implications, Bull. Math. Biol., 55, 1183-1198. 

Metcalf D 1964 Restricted growth capacity of multiple spleen grafts. Transplantation 2 387-392 Pohley H-J 1965 Regeneration and the moulting cycle in Ephestia kuhniella. In Kiortsis V, Trampusch HAL (eds) Regeneration in animals and related problems. North-Holland, Amsterdam, p 324—330... 

Bryant Is that moulting controlled by an ecdysone-like hormone ... 

Amhros Nothing is known about the possible role of hormones in C. elegans moulting. 

What is the origin of the energy difference between the polyproline II and /J-strand backbone conformations Brant and Flory (1965b) emphasize the important roles of steric clash, dipole-dipole interactions (see also Avbelj and Moult, 1995), and the torsional potentials governing rotation about the backbone ,t/i angles (see also Flory, 1969). An ab initio quantum mechanics study (Han et al., 1998 see also references therein to earlier work) finds that solvation by water is important. The authors examine the predicted stabilities of eight conformers of... 

L3-L4 moulting. The authors discuss the possibility that the effects of tetracycline on the nematode are direct (and not mediated by an effect on... 

Administration of Tyv-specific monoclonal antibodies to rat pups already infected with intestinal larvae causes larvae in the epithelium to be expelled (Carlisle et al, 1990). Only the LI stage is susceptible to expulsion once the larva has moulted to L2 it resists the effects of the antibodies (Carlisle et al, 1990). Expulsive immunity is transferred by three IgG isotypes, F(ab )2 fragments, as well as IgM (Carlisle et al., 1991a). These findings argue against a role for Fc-mediated effector functions and imply that antibodies against Tyv can disturb the larva s niche in a direct fashion. 

In contrast to the protection afforded to suckling rats by Tyv-specific antibodies, passive immunization of weaned rats fails to cause expulsion of T. spiralis (Otubu et al., 1993). Nevertheless, Tyv-specific antibodies do affect the behaviour of larvae in the intestines of weaned rats in the early hours following infection in that larvae are immobile in the intestinal tissue of such rats, though immobility is reversed when the larvae moult. These findings provide further evidence that antibodies specific for Tyv interfere with the LI larva s niche. 

Finally, addition of Tyv-specific antibodies to Caco-2 cultures significantly inhibits larval moulting (McVay et al., 2000). It seems likely that the inhibitory effect is an indirect result of antibody-mediated encumbrance of larvae in the monolayer rather than a direct effect on the process of moulting. Nevertheless, the observation provides further support for the conclusion that antibodies specific for Tyv interfere with the niche of the parasite. 

All nematodes undergo four post-embryonic moults, characterized by the synthesis of a new extracellular proteinaceous cuticle from the predom-inandy syncytial hypodermis. Five separate cuticles are synthesized by all nematodes by a process referred to as moulting or ecdysis. 

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