Motorized stage

The output of a Nd YLF laser is focussed by a series of lenses to a spot size of 0.5 pm upon a sample which may be positioned by an x-y-z stepping motor stage and scanned by a computer-controlled high frequency x-y-z piezo stage. Ions are accelerated and transmitted through the central bore of the objective into a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The laser scans an area of 100 x 100 pm with a minimum step size of 0.25 pm. TOF mass spectra of each pixel are evaluated with respect to several ion signals and transformed into two-dimensional ion distribution plots. 

The size of particles is of great importance, and particle size determinations should be carried out in preformulation as well in formulation functions. For small particle sizes, simple microscopy [41] may be used, but again imaging techniques, particularly with motorized stages, are more representative and much easier to carry out [42],... 

The position of the focal spot between the two PMs can be varied using an external motorized stage. After reflection on each PM, the beam is collimated by a second identical off-axis parabola and sent as a parallel beam in the experimental chamber. The entire setup is maintained under clean vacuum down to at least 10 6 mbar. 

Finally, the small sample requirement makes this a suitable method for the analysis of combinatorial libraries. Furthermore, the coupling of a microscope to a motorized stage allows for fully automated analyses [179]. However, the high cost of this instrumentation means that many researchers need to use alternative techniques. 

Microscope with a motorized stage and an automatic focusing device... 

In principle, operation of the FTIR microspectroscopy is the same as for a conventional FTIR instrument except the spectrum is obtained from a microscopic area or intensity distribution is mapped in the sample plane. A spectrum from an area in the order of 10 x 10 /im can be obtained. Mapping or FTIR imaging at micro-level resolution can be achieved by scanning a sample using a motorized sample stage. The resolution is primarily determined by the size of the focused IR beam and precision of motorized stage. Reflectance microspectroscopy is more widely used than the transmittance mode in FTIR microscopy because minimal sample preparation is required. 

Finally, to further analyse their properties, the retained spots are visually inspected using an epifluorescence microscope equipped with a computer-driven moving stage. To that end, the sample holder is transferred to the motorized stage in exactly the same orientation as in the ChemScan. Highlighting of a green spot in the secondary scan map directs the microscope to the respective position on the membrane filter, allowing rapid and accurate visual discrimination between labelled cells and fluorescent particles ( validation ). 

Confocal micro-luminescent was developed by using the following setup (see figure 1). The sample was situated in the focal plane of a 20X microscope objective (Mitutoyo, M-Plan NIR, numerical aperture (NA) = 0.26) in a motorized stage to displace at different positions. The detection system consists in TRlAX-180 monochromator with a resolution of 0.5 nm and detected with a photomultiplier tube. 

Motorized stage, external motor with controller, or a piezo objective collar along with the means to distinguish up from down slices in a z-series see Note 5). 

Live-cell imaging can be performed at any fluorescence microscope equipped with a 5 x or 10 x objective, camera, heated, and motorized stage, and respective software that allows acquisition of multiple stage... 

When the treatment ought to expand over a substantially large cov age, an array of multiple jets can be utilized [12, 17, 18] to coygt tiie entire area at once or a motorized stage can be employed to scan the area in a sequential manner [19]. 

Motorized stage Allows the microscope to memorize the point position (or positions) on a sample and is able to reproduce a precise location on the stage automatically. 

A motorized stage was employed to withdraw the test samples and HGAs from a PEOM solution tank at specified rates. 

The two approaches are in fact quite similar. The difference is that in the repelling method, water is added to the monomer solution for the dewetting process, and in the dipping method, the sample with applied undiluted monomer is dipped into a water reservoir accurate control of the dipping speed is achieved through a motorized stage. If the monomer film dewets in air, the monomer remains on the hydrophilic domains of the substrate. This is the case with the withdrawal method [15,16] in which the patterned substrate is completely immersed in the monomer and pulled out at a fixed angle and a controlled speed into ambient air. 

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