Morse code

D Molecule Representation of Structures Based on Electron Diffraction Code (3D MoRSE Code)... 

The 3D MoRSE code is closely related to the molecular transform. The molecular transform is a generalized scattering function. It can be used to predict the intensity of the scattered radiation i for a known molecular structure in X-ray and electron diffraction experiments. The general molecular transform is given by Eq. (22), where i(s) is the intensity of the scattered radiation caused by a collection of N atoms located at points r. ... 

Steinhauer and Gasteiger [30] developed a new 3D descriptor based on the idea of radial distribution functions (RDFs), which is well known in physics and physico-chemistry in general and in X-ray diffraction in particular [31], The radial distribution function code (RDF code) is closely related to the 3D-MoRSE code. The RDF code is calculated by Eq. (25), where/is a scaling factor, N is the number of atoms in the molecule, p/ and pj are properties of the atoms i and/ B is a smoothing parameter, and Tij is the distance between the atoms i and j g(r) is usually calculated at a number of discrete points within defined intervals [32, 33]. 

Macworth, N. H. (1946). Effects of heat on wireless operators hearing and recording Morse Code messages. Brit.. Ind. Med., 3 143-158. 

Signs The first symptoms consist of darker green streaks in a pattern of "dots" and "dashes" ("Morse code" streaking) on the lower portion of the midrib. Later, the streaks appear on the secondary veins of the leaf and then on the leaf blade. Suckers that develop after infection are usually severely stunted, which causes the leaves at the top of the stem to become bunched. Leaves are usually short, stiff, erect, and more narrow than normal. Severely infected banana plants usually will not fruit. If the plant does bear fruit, it will likely be distorted and twisted. 

A code can be defined as a set of rules that establish a correspondence between two independent worlds. The Morse code, for example, connects certain combinations of dots and dashes with the letters of the alphabet. The highway code is a liaison between illustrated signals and driving behaviours. A language makes words stand for real objects of the physical world. 

Beside the descriptors, further attempts have been made to encode the 3D molecular structures with functions. Such are 3D-MoRSE code [54] spectrum-like representations [55] and radial distribution functions [56]. Also, experimentally determined infrared, mass, or NMR spectra can be taken to represent a molecule [57]. Another example is comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) where the molecular 3D structures are optimized together with the receptor [58]. This approach is often applied in drug design or in specific toxicology studies where the receptor is known. The field of molecular descriptors and molecular representations has exploded in the recent decades. Over 200 programs for calculating descriptors and different QSAR applications are listed on web page [59]. 

These descriptors are based on the distance distribution in the - geometrical representation of a molecule and constitute a radial distribution function code (RDF code) that shows certain characteristics in common with the - 3D-MoRSE code. 

Soltzberg Wilkins introduced a number of simplifications in order to obtain a binary code. Only the zero crossing of the I s) curve, i.e. the values at which I(s) = 0 in the range 1 - 31 A-i are considered. The s range is then divided into 100 equal intervals, each described by a binary variable equal to 1 if the interval contains a zero crossing, 0 otherwise. Thus, a 3D-MoRSE code consisting of a 100-dimensional binary vector is obtained. 

Schuur, J. and Gasteiger, J. (1996). 3D-MoRSE Code - A New Method for Coding the 3D Structure of Molecules. In Software Development in Chemistry - Vol. 10 (Gasteiger, J., ed.), Fach-gruppe Chemie-Information-Computer (CIC), Frankfurt am Main (Germany), pp. 67-80. 

D autocorrelation, 3D MoRSE code, and radial distribution function code... 

The radial distribution function code (RDF code) is closely related to the 3D-MoRSE code and it is calculated by equation (10.3) ... 

Another code for representation of the 3D structure of a molecule with a fixed number of variables irrespective of the number of atoms in the molecule (3D MoRSE code) has been proposed by Soltzberg and Wilkins. This molecular description is based on methods used in the interpretation of electron diffraction data. The approach has been used successfully for both the simulation of infrared spectra... 

Many years later, it was found that this characteristic of the descriptor could be used for the correlation of biological activity and three-dimensional structure of molecules. The activity of a compound also depends on the distances between atoms (such as H-bond donors or acceptors) in the molecular structure [91]. Adaptation of the RBF function to biological activity led to the so-called 3D-MoRSE code (3D-Molecule Representation of Structures based on Electron diffraction) [92]. The method of RBF calculation can be simplified in order to derive a descriptor that includes significant information and that can be calculated rapidly ... 

D MoRSE codes are valuable for conserving molecular features, but it is not possible to interpret them directly. This drawback leads to investigations of related types of descriptors. Steinhauer and Gasteiger picked up the idea of radial distribution... 

RDFs have certain characteristics in common with the 3D Molecular Representation of Strnctnres Based on Electron Diffraction (MoRSE) code. In fact, the theory of RDF is related to the theoretical basis of 3D MoRSE functions. In 1937, Degard nsed the exponential term in the RDE to account for the experimental angular limitations in electron diffraction experiments [2]. 

In electron diffraction experiments, the intensity is the Eourier transform of dnr j gif) and is related to the electron distribution in the molecule [3]. The Eourier transform of a 3D MoRSE code leads to a frequency pattern, but lacks a most important feature of RDF descriptors the frequency distribution. In contrast to the corresponding RDF descriptors 3D MoRSE codes can be hardly interpreted directly. Nevertheless, 3D MoRSE codes lead to similar results when they are used with methods where direct interpretability is not required. 

The nucleotide bases in DNA bond (pair) in only two combinations A with T and G with C (Figure 25.6). The various combinations of these nucleotides in the very long DNA double strand are all that is necessary to write a code for every part of the body. Does that seem possible Well, consider Morse code. It consists of only dots ( ) and dashes (-). These, in combination, are used to create the alphabet (a=--, b = -- --, c =---------, etc.) Then the 26 letters are used to cre-... 

Both direct selection and scanning are used to select elements that might not of themselves define an output. In these cases the output may be defined by a code of selected elements. A common example is Morse code by which dots and dashes are directly selected but must be combined to define letters and... 

Selection methods (interfaces) Direct (keyboard, head pointing, eye gaze). Scanning (switches, physiological-EMG, BCI, etc.), encoding (morse code, etc.)... 

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