Morphology of polymers

There are tests for physical properties such as deasity and hardness (qv) of plastics. Microscopy (qv) is important ia fracture analysis as well as ia analysis of the morphology of polymer systems for an understanding of polymer blend performance. 

P. M. Subiamunian, Permeability Barriers by Controlled Morphology of Polymer Blends, SPE-RETEC, Mississauga, Ontaiio, Canada, Oct. 16, 1984, pp. 1-9. 

The morphology of polymer crystals has been studied extensively by many experimentalists, and an enormous variety and richness has been unveiled (see e.g. Ref. [5]). It is beyond the scope of this review to lay out the evidence in detail. We can only concentrate on some selected points and refer the interested reader to the literature, in particular the review articles by Keller [6], Bassett [7], Dosiere [8] and most recently Phillips [9],... 

Temperature dependence (related to the temperature dependence of the conformational structure and the morphology of polymers) of the radiation effect on various fluoropolymers e.g., poly (tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoroalkylvinylether), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene) copolymers has been reported by Tabata [419]. Hill et al. [420] have investigated the effect of environment and temperature on the radiolysis of FEP. While the irradiation is carried out at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of FEP, cross-linking reactions predominate over chain scission or degradation. Forsythe et al. [421]... 

TEM is used to investigate the phase morphology of polymer blends and the dispersion of fillers. See Electron Microscope. 

In more recent years, Herman Mark has, as we all know, concentrated more on the effects of heterophase morphology of polymers on their mechanical properties. This has enabled him to set up a useful classification system of the various types of heterogeneities which can occur in polymers, e.g., crystallinity, incompatibility, particulate and fibrous inclusions, etc. and to discuss these in the context of their effect on the mechanical properties. Such an "overview" has again kept Mark in great demand as a speaker. 

Kodjie, S., Guerra, S., and Savargaonkar, N., Analytical Technicpies for Characterizing Defects and Morphology of Polymer Films, Microscopy and Microanalysis Proceedings, 715 (2012)... 

The change in authors has not altered the basic concept of this 4th edition again we were not aimed at compiling a comprehensive collection of recipes. Instead, we attempted to reach a broader description of the general methods and techniques for the synthesis, modification, and characterization of macromolecules, supplemented by 105 selected and detailed experiments and by sufficient theoretical treatment so that no additional textbook be needed in order to understand the experiments. In addition to the preparative aspects we have also tried to give the reader an impression of the relation of chemical structure and morphology of polymers to their properties, as well as of areas of their appUcation. 

Keith HD (1986) Morphology of polymers. In Bever MB (ed) Encyclopedia of materials science and engineering. Pergamon, New York, p 3110... 

Microscopy is the study of fine structure and morphology of polymers with the use of a microscope [1-4]. In polymer science the term morphology refers to form and organization on a size scale above the atomic arrangement, but smaller than the size and shape of the whole sample. 

Information on the morphology of polymers is revealed by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), which is often called wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) by polymer scientists, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The crystallites exist in a polymer sample below the melting temperature T, an order-disorder transition, above which a viscous melt is formed. 

Solvent-polymer and solvent-clay interactions are very important in determining the morphology of polymer/clay nanocomposites. There are many reports describing the preparation of PNCs by solution mixing [65, 231-235]. Ho and Glinka [38]... 

Sometimes, small structural differences in morphology of polymer samples can be isolated by using a double subtraction technique. For example, with polyethylene terephthalate) PET, differences in the amorphous phase of the melt-quenched polymer and solution-cast polymer can be isolated by first subtracting out the contribution due to the trans isomer and then subtracting the two difference spectra from each other 214). (Fig. 16) shows the resultingdifference spectrum obtained after the second subtraction. Obviously the two amorphous structures are different from each other. 

Two Phase Clusters Two Phase fused Non Porous Fig. 5.4- 3 Morphology of polymer particles resulting from supported catalysts, (see [7]). 

Shutov, F. A. 17th Europhys. Conf. Morphology of Polymers, Praga Czechoslovakia, 1985... 

Morphology of Polymers. In conjunction with the measurement of various mechanical properties, the morphology of the rubber modified... 

Lele, A. K. Shine, A. D. Morphology of Polymers Precipitated from a Supercritical Solvent. AIChE J. 1992, 38, 742-752. 

Potente H, Bastian M, Bergemann K, Senge M, Scheel G, Winkelmann T (2001) Morphology of polymer blends in the melting section of co-rotating twin screw extruders. Polym Eng Sci 41 222-231... 

Immiscibility of polymers in the melt is a common phenomenon, typically leading to a two-phase random morphology. If the phase separation occurs by a spinodal decomposition process, it is possible to control the kinetics in a manner that leads to multiphase polymeric materials with a variety of co-continuous structures. Common morphologies of polymer blends include droplet, fiber, lamellar (layered) and co-continuous microstructures. The distinguishing feature of co-continuous morphologies is the mutual interpenetration of the two phases and an image analysis technique using TEM has been described for co-continuous evaluation.25... 

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