Morphology investigation using microscopy

The effect of electric current on nanohber morphology investigated using a held emission scanning electron microscopy (EE-SEM). Charge-to-mass ratio of a highly conducting liquid on nanohber uniformity also studied. 

The first linkage between a microscope and an IR spectrophotometer was reported in 1949 [15]. Today, every manufacturer of IR spectrophotometers offers an optical/IR microscope sampling accessory. The use of optical and IR microscopy is a natural course of action for any solid state investigation. Optical microscopy provides significant information about a sample, such as its crystalline or amorphous nature, particle morphology, and size. Interfacing the microscope to an IR spectrophotometer ultimately provides unequivocal identification of one particular crystallite. Hence, we have the tremendous benefit of IR microscopy for the identification of particulate contamination in bulk or formulated drug products. 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) seems to have been used only scarcely for the characterization of solid lipid-based nanoparticles [104], This method, however, is routinely applied for the morphological investigation of solid hpid microparticles (e.g., to smdy their shape and surface structure also with respect to alterations in contact with release media) [24,38,39,41,42,80,105]. For investigation, the microparticles are usually dried, and their surface has to be coated with a conductive layer, commonly by sputtering with gold. Unlike TEM, in SEM the specimen is scanned point by point with the electron beam, and secondary electrons that are emitted by the sample surface on irradiation with the electron beam are detected. In this way, a three-dimensional impression of the structures in the sample, or of their surface, respectively, is obtained. 

The morphology of blends of asymmetric PS-Pl diblocks that do not form lamellar phases has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy by Koizumi et al. (1994c). They considered three cases (i) approximately equal... 

Slush powders were prepared from mass polymerised and suspension polymerised vinyl chloride polymers and the absorption of plasticisers into the polymers was investigated using the Haake rheomix procedure. The fusion behaviour of the powders was also investigated and the morphology of the particles analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The properties of the two different powders are compared. 6 refs. 

Morphological investigations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on bulk and thin film samples of BC 16 and BC 30 (Fig. 13). 

Powder morphology was investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM, Model JEM-IOOCXII). Crystallite size of the powders and grain size of Nd YAG ceramics calcined at different temperatures were calculaied by X-ray diffraction (XRD, model D/maxrA, using nickel-filtered Cu-Ka radiation) patterns from the Scherrer s equation. Microstructures of the fractured and the thermal etched mirror-polished surfaces of Nd YAG specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Model S-4800). Densities of the samples were measured by the Archimedes draining method. 

Miscibility is one essential concept in polymer science, since blended systems are commonly used to address multiple property optimizations as typical for many applications. Several methods can be used to determine the miscibility of two- and more component systems. Morphological investigations of blend systems can easily been done with microscopic methods. Several electron microscopic techniques are used, that is, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, AFM, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Inhomogeneities are typically... 

The morphology characterization of hybrid membranes is very important to identify the possible interfacial morphology and particle dispersion in the final membrane matrix. Electron microscopy is typically used to investigate the filler dispersion and the hybrid membrane morphology. Scanning electron microscopy is the most frequently used technique, and it allows the characterization of the sample surface. The sample s cross-sections can be examined to analyze the inner morphology. Transmission electron microscopy is also a very useful technique because it allows a direct evaluation of the inner morphology of the sample. 

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