Moon, origin

Hartmaim WK (1984) Moon origin the impact-trigger hypothesis. In Hartmann WK, Philhps RJ, Taylor GJ (eds) Origin of the Moon. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, p 579-608 Hauri EH, Whitehead JA, Hart SR (1994) Fluid dynamic and geochemical aspects of entraimnent in mantle plumes. J Geophys Res 99 24275-24300... 

Spherulites have been observed in organic and inorganic systems of synthetic, biological, and geological origin, including moon rocks, and are therefore not unique to polymers. 

Beyond the simple resistance of a material of construction to dissolution in a given chemical, many other properties enter into consideration when makiug an appropriate or optimum MOC selection for a given environmental exposure. These factors include the influence of velocity, impurities or contaminants, pH, stress, crevices, bimetallic couples, levels of nuclear, UV, or IB radiation, microorganisms, temperature heat flux, stray currents, properties associatea with original production of the material and its subsequent fabrication as an item of equipment, as well as other physical ana mechanical properties of the MOC, the Proverbial Siebert Changes in the Phase of the Moon, and so forth. 

Water and carbon play critical roles in many of the Earth s chemical and physical cycles and yet their origin on the Earth is somewhat mysterious. Carbon and water could easily form solid compounds in the outer regions of the solar nebula, and accordingly the outer planets and many of their satellites contain abundant water and carbon. The type I carbonaceous chondrites, meteorites that presumably formed in the asteroid belt between the terrestrial and outer planets, contain up to 5% (m/m) carbon and up to 20% (m/m) water of hydration. Comets may contain up to 50% water ice and 25% carbon. The terrestrial planets are comparatively depleted in carbon and water by orders of magnitude. The concentration of water for the whole Earth is less that 0.1 wt% and carbon is less than 500 ppm. Actually, it is remarkable that the Earth contains any of these compounds at all. As an example of how depleted in carbon and water the Earth could have been, consider the moon, where indigenous carbon and water are undetectable. Looking at Fig. 2-4 it can be seen that no water- or carbon-bearing solids should have condensed by equilibrium processes at the temperatures and pressures that probably were typical in the zone of fhe solar... 

Some hundreds of alchemical illustrations. Many of the headings below are subdivided (e g. Emerald Tablet consistes of sub-headings for The Emerald Tablet Original Emerald Tablet as a Monument to Mankind Materia Prima Lapidis cover of The Emerald Tablet First Matter of Heaven and Earth The Green Lion As Above, So Below The Ouroboros Powers of the Sun and Moon)... 

A vital event in the further development of the Earth was its collision with a smaller planet, possibly as big as Mars. It is assumed that this gigantic collision took place between four and four and a half billion years ago (Sleep et al., 2001), and that it also resulted in the birth of our moon (Luna), which was formed from partially vaporized matter from the Earth. It is likely that not all of the proto-Earth was melted by the energy set free in the collision, but that sections of it remained in their original form. However, more exact information is not yet available. 

In this chapter, we will deal particularly with those planets and moons which are relevant to the question of the origin of life. 

Fig. 3.3 An artist s impression of the originally planned hydrobot mission to Europa. The robot has bored through the ice layer in the moon s intermediate aqueous layer and is investigating the ocean floor. From NASA...

In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union redefined the term planet and decided that the former ninth planet in the solar system should be referred to as a dwarf planet with the number 134340. The dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon, are the brightest heavenly bodies in the Kuiper belt (Young, 2000). The ratio of the mass of the planet to that of its moon is 11 1, so the two can almost be considered as a double planet system. They are, however, quite disparate in their composition while Pluto consists of about 75% rocky material and 25% ice, Charon probably contains only water ice with a small amount of rocky material. The ice on Pluto is probably made up mainly of N2 ice with some CH4 ice and traces of NH3 ice. The fact that Pluto and Charon are quite similar in some respects may indicate that they have a common origin. Brown and Calvin (2000), as well as others, were able to obtain separate spectra of the dwarf planet and its moon, although the distance between the two is only about 19,000 kilometres. Crystalline water and ammonia ice were identified on Charon it seems likely that ammonia hydrates are present. 

Brack A. 2000. The Molecular Origins of Life. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. Coustenis A. and Taylor F. 1999. Titan The Earth-Like Moon. World Scientific London. Faraday Discussion 109. 1998. Chemistry and Physics of Molecules and Grains in Space. Royal Society of Chemistry London. 

Warren, P. H. (1986). The Bulk-Moon MgO/FeO ratio A highlands perspective. In Origin of the Moon, ed. W. K. Hartmann, R. J. Phillips G. J. Taylor, pp. 279-310. Houston Lunar Planet. Inst. 

Stable isotope analysis of Earth, Moon, and meteorite samples provides important information concerning the origin of the solar system. 8lsO values of terrestrial and lunar materials support the old idea that earth and moon are closely related. On the other hand three isotope plots for oxygen fractionation in certain meteoric inclusions are anomalous. They show unexpected isotope fractionations which are approximately mass independent. This observation, difficult to understand and initially thought to have important cosmological implications, has been resolved in a series of careful experimental and theoretical studies of isotope fractionation in unimolecular kinetic processes. This important geochemical problem is treated in some detail in Chapter 14. 

Stable isotope analysis of earth, moon and meteorite samples has provided important information concerning the origin of the solar system. Lunar samples returned to earth during the Apollo missions show 8170 and 8lsO enrichment patterns which are virtually identical to those of earth-bound rocks and minerals. On 3-isotope plots like those in Figs. 9.5 and 14.3, a uniform isotope reservoir is represented by a single... 

This I also say, that if the spirit of common salt be joined to the spirit of wine, and distilled together with it, it becomes sweet, and loses its acidity. This prepared spirit does not dissolve gold bodily, but if it be poured on prepared calx of gold, it extracts the essence of its colour and redness. If this be rightly done, it reduces the white and pure moon to the colour of that body from which it was itself extracted. The old body may also receive back its former colour through the love of alluring Venus, from whose blood it, in the first instance, derived its origin. 

Lee DC, Halliday AN, Snyder GA, Taylor LA (1997) Age and origin of the moon. Science 278 1098-1103 Lee T (1978) A local proton irradiation model for the isotopic anomalies in the solar system. Astrophys J 224 217-226... 

ORIGIN OF NAME Silver s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver. The word "silver" is from the Anglo-Saxon world "siolfor." Ancients who first refined and worked with silver used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Named for the Greek word selene, meaning "moon." Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848) discovered selenium and named it after the mineral called "eucairite," which in Greek means "just in time."... 

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