Monosaccharides trivial names

The basis for the name is the structure of the parent monosaccharide in the acyclic form. Charts I and IV (2-Carb-10) give trivial names for parent aldoses and ketoses with up to six carbon atoms. 2-Carb-8.2 and 2-Carb-10.3 describe systematic naming procedures. 

The name selected is that which comes first in the alphabet (configurational prefixes included). Trivial names are preferred for parent monosaccharides and for those derivatives where all stereocentres are stereochemically unmodified. 

Note 2. Since all aldoses up to the hexoses have trivial names that are preferred, the systematic names apply only to the higher aldoses. However, the configurational prefixes are also used to name ketoses (see below) and other monosaccharides. 

Note 1. The term glycal is a non-preferred, trivial name for cyclic enol ether derivatives of sugars having a double bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of the ring. It should not be used or modified as a class name for monosaccharide derivatives having a double bond in any other position. 

Several branched monosaccharides have trivial names, some established by long usage. Examples are given below, together with systematic names for the (cyclic or acyclic) forms illustrated. (See also the alphabetical listing of trivial names in the Appendix.) Enantiomers of the sugars listed should be named systematically. 

Trivial names for anhydro monosaccharides, though established by usage, are not recommended because of possible confusion with polysaccharide names based on the use of the termination -an . 

Symbols for the common monosaccharide residues and derivatives are listed in Table 2. They are generally derived from the corresponding trivial names. Abbreviations for substituents (see 2-Carb-1.16.2), preceded by locants, follow the monosaccharide abbreviations directly. 

Monosaccharides are normally known by their traditional trivial names. EIow-ever, systematic names are in use. The systematic names of straight chain ... 

Figure 1.16 Monosaccharide nomenclature. Commonly used trivial names are given in the brackets...

Trivial names are normally used for all types of polysaccharide. Systematic names may be used for small polysaccharides. These names are based on the systematic names of the monosaccharides corresponding to the residues. However, the suffix -osyl is used for a substituent residue joined through its anomeric carbon to the next residue in the chain and the suffix -oside is used for the last residue in the chain (Figure 1.19). Appropriate locants may or may not be used in systematic names. 

By establishing the stereochemical relationship between monosaccharides, Fischer was able to construct a family tree of carbohydrates. Figure 2.6 shows the tree for the D-series, together with their trivial names. Sometimes (especially in oligo- and polysaccharides), rather than full names abbreviated names consisting of the first three letters of their trivial names are used for pentoses... 

Starch blocker A trivial name for the class of drugs (mainly intestinal a-amylase inhibitors) that block dietary conversion of polysaccharides and sucrose to monosaccharides. Such drugs are used in diabetes management, status epilepticus See epilepsy, steady-state In relation to drug metabolism, when the rate of drug intake equals the rate of drug elimination, a steady-state concentration is achieved, stenosis Narrowing or contraction of a duct. 

Trivial name Common monosaccharide (CMS) Linear code... 

For the simplified presentation of structures, abbreviations are used which usually consist of the first letters of the name of the monosaccharide. Figure 4.1 gives the configuration prefix derived from the trivial names, representing a specified configuration applied in monosaccharide classification. Thus, systematic names for D-glucose and D-fructose are D-gluco-hexose... 

The abbreviated notations of monosaccharides are formed as they are for amino acids. An abbreviation of the monosaccharide name consists of the first three letters of the trivial name. An exception, however, is glucose, for which the abbreviation Glc is used as the symbol Glu is reserved for glutamic acid. 

In the nomenclature of oligosaccharides, trivial names are still used for a number of substances (e.g. maltose, cellobiose or trehalose. Figure 4.5). In the case of reducing disaccharides, systematic nomenclature takes as its basis the name of the monosaccharide with a free hemiacetal hydroxyl group, which is preceded by the name of the substituted monosaccharide and the respective anomeric configuration is indicated (a- or P-). Disaccharide maltose (Figure 4.5), formed by condensation of... 

Monosaccharides of the polyhydroxyalkanal type have the class name aldose and as individual representatives with up to six carbon atoms the trivial names compiled in Table 15. 

Branched monosaccharides are treated according to the afore-stated principles as substituted unbranched sugars, with customary trivial names... 

The most frequent oligosaccharide moieties, named Solanum-has/cA by trivial terms, are branched, e.g., the trioses are linked with their inner monosaccharide unit (1—>3) to the corresponding aglycones (Fig. 7.22) ... 

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