Monomer with water-soluble macromolecules

The present paper deals with the uncatalyzed radical polymerization initiated with the water-soluble macromolecule in the absence of Cu(II) ion. Using polystyrenesulfonate (PSS-Na) and polyvinylphosphonate (PVPA) as the macromolecules, a study on the process of polymerization was made. And a new concept on the "hard and soft hydrophobic areas and monomers" was proposed. 

Organic compounds and compound classes differ in their potential to be preserved in sediments and to survive early diagenesis. As a general mle, water-soluble organic compounds, or organic macromolecules, which are easily hydrolyzed to water-soluble monomers, have a low preservation potential. In contrast to this, compounds with a low solubility in water such as lipids and hydrolysis-resistant macromolecules are selectively enriched in the sedimentary organic matter. Table... 

Emulsion pol)m erization is a complex process in which the radical addition polymerization proceeds in a heterogeneous system. This process involves emulsification of the relatively hydrophobic monomer in water by an oil-in-water emulsifier, followed by the initiation reaction with either a water-soluble or an oil-soluble free radical initiator. At the end of the pol)nnerization, a milky fluid called "latex", "synthetic latex" or "pol)rmer dispersion" is obtained. Latex is defined as "colloidal dispersion of polymer particles in an aqueous medium". The pol)nner may be organic or inorganic. In general, latexes contain 40-60 % pol)nner solids and comprise a large population of polymer particles dispersed in the continuous aqueous phase (about lO particles per mL of latex). The particles are within the size range 10 nm to 1000 run in a diameter and are generally spherical. A typical of particle is composed of 1-10000 macromolecules, and each macromolecule contains about lOO-lO " monomer units [10-16]. 

Pendant hydroxamate groups of water-soluble globular macromolecules possessing considerable internal cross-linking show enhanced reactivity (> 1000-fold) compared with the monomer species in reaction with a series of 4-nitrophenyl esters. ... 

Additionally to the procedures described earlier, improvements for thermostabilization is copolymerisation of vinyl chloride with suitable monomers. A great number of monomers were investigated to optimize the properties of resins. But only vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters, and maleic acid esters, respectively, are of interest commercially [305,436,437]. The copolymerization was carried out in emulsion, suspension, and solution in connection with water- or oil-soluble initiators, as mentioned elsewhere. Another possibility for modifying PVC is grafting of VC on suitable polymers [305,438], blends of PVC with butadiene/styrene and butadiene/ methacryl acid esters copolymers [433], and polymer-analogous reactions on the macromolecule [439,440] (e.g., chlorination of PVC). 

Being virtually inert at homopolymerization, DAAH appeared to copolymerize with vinyl monomers at the presence of radical initiators. The results of investigation on DAAH copolymerization with acrylic and maleic acids, N-vinylpyrrolidone and acrylamide, resulting in obtaining of water-soluble polymers, have been given in present paper. Copolymerization reactions proceed both in bulk and in solution with formation of copolymers, characterized by a random distribution of the comonomer units in a macromolecule (Table 1). DAAH is less active if compared with vinyl monomers (VM) - copolymers are enriched by VM units at all ratios of the monomers in the initial mixture. In particular, DAAH content in copolymers at initial equimolar monomer ratio is 15-20 mol % (Table 1). When conducting reaction at 80-90°C and initiator concentration 2.5-3.0 mas.% at equimolar monomer ratio the reaction rate of investigated systems is 2.7-4.1% per hour. The increase of DAAH fraction in the initial mixture allows to increase its content in the copolymer, but at the same time reaction rate decreases. 

A primary approach to the architecture of self-assembling macromolecules is to covalently introduce hydrophobes into water-soluble polymers. A predetermined number of hydrophobes can be introduced into a polymer cl n by copolymerization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers with a block, alternating, or random sequence distribution. 

Tonhauser C, Alkan A, Schomer M, Dingels C, Ritz S, Mailander V, Frey H, Wuim FR (2013) Ferrocenyl glycidyl ether a versatile ferrocene monomer for copolymerization with ethylene oxide to water-soluble, thermoresponsive copolymers. Macromolecules 46 647-655... 

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