Monoliths metal

High integration by simple division of a monolithic metal oxide film into sensor segments -sensor differentiation by temperature and membrane gradient... 

M. Graf, D. Barrettino, M. Zimmermann, C. Hagleitner, A. Hierlemann, and H. Baltes, S. Hahn, N. Barsan, and U. Weimar. CMOS Monolithic Metal-Oxide Sensor System Comprising a Microhotplate and Associated Circuitry , IEEE Sensors Journal 4 (2004), 9-16. 

M. Graf, U. Frey, R Reichel, S. Taschini, N. Barsan, U. Weimar, and A. Hierlemann. Monitoring of environmentally monolithic metal-oxide relevant gases by a digital micro sensor array. Proc. IEEE Sensors Conference, Vienna, Austria (2004), 776-779. 

Besides ceramic monoliths, metallic monoliths are available (64). In comparison with ceramic monoliths, metallic monoliths can be produced in more advanced structures, for example, to create turbulence in the flow in the channels (65). Several structured catalyst supports, such as solid foams or Sulzer packings, are usually made from metal. The surface area of the metal itself will be usually too low for practical applications. 

FIGURE 28 Metal concentration profiles along the length of a monolith for deposition precipitation by use of urea decomposition with nickel nitrate on a cordierite monolith. Metal deposited on a 25-cm-long, 1-cm-diameter, 400 cpsi monolith. Profiles were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of finely ground 2.5-cm long sections of the monolith. 

Figure 21. Basic designs of emission control catalysts (beads, ceramic monoliths, metal monoliths).

A. (2006), CMOS monolithic metal-oxide gas sensor microsystems , IEEE Sens. Journal, 6 (2), 276-86. 

GraX M., Barrettino, D., Zimmermann, M., Hierlemann, A., Baltes, H., Hahn, S., Barsan, N. and Weimar, U. (2004a), CMOS monolithic metal-oxide sensor system comprising a microhotplate and associated drcuitry ,/ Sens./.,4(1),9-16. 

MEE magnetic field eflect MMC monolithic metal composite... 

The technical feasibility of an almost entirely polymeric composite airframe has been demonstrated by the Beech Corp. Starship I business aircraft, but some factors discourage the total-composite concept. The costs of raw materials, tooling, production, quality control, in-service maintenance and repairing can run several times higher than those for aluminium. The most likely way ahead will be the application-driven employment of both traditional monolithic metals and advanced composites. 

Figure 18.4. Monolithic metal-containing transparent chitosan-silica aerogels.

Hu X, Ji S, Littrell K and Risen WM Jr (2000) Transparent monolithic metal ion containing nanophase aerogels. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 581 353-362... 

Elements having three, four, or more than four terminals can also appear in practical electrical networks. The discrete component bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which is schematically portrayed in Fig. 2.2(a), is an example of a three-terminal element, where the three terminals at issue are the collector, the base, and the emitter. On the other hand, the monolithic metal- oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) depicted in Fig. 2.2(b) has four terminals the drain, the gate, the source, and the bulk substrate. 

FIGURE 2.2 Circuit schematic symbol for (a) discretecomponentbipolar junction transistor (BJT), (b) monolithic metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). 

Depth of attack can be used to assess corrosion damage in MMCs. It may be more difficult, however, to assess the penetration depth in MMCs compared to that in monolithic metals because reinforcement constituents that are left in relief can prevent a depth gage x>m contacting the matrix surface, and thus, prevent the true depth of penetration from being measured. In particulate MMCs, the interference may be attenuated since reinforcement particles are free to detach from the matrix as they are undercut by corrosion. When reinforcements interfere with mechanical measurements, depth of penetration can be assessed metal-lographicaUy. Samples may be mounted and polished, and penetration measurements can be made with a microscope and a calibrated eyepiece. Details for determining penetration depth are available in ASTM G 46, Recommended Practice for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion. 

V2irious tests can be performed on MMCs to obtain specific information on corrosion behavior. Tests used for monolithic metals can be applied to MMCs with some success. However, since MMCs may have properties significantly different from those of monolithic metals, conventional tests developed for monolithic metals may not always produce sought-after results when used to test MMCs. 

Materials that are routinely coated with catalyst wash-coats are ceramics such as cordierite, which is the construction material of ceramic monoliths, metals such as Fecralloy, the construction material of metallic monoliths (see Section 6.2) and stainless steel [57]. The amount of catalyst material that can be coated onto a monolith ranges between 20 and 40 g m , while plate heat-exchangers may even take up more catalyst when coated prior to the sealing procedure, because the access to the channels is better. 

Finally, applications of small monolithic metal structures orientated or randomly packed in larger reactors as catalysts for endothermic and exothermic reactions (e.g. selective oxidations) have been reviewed in Ref. 9. 

Monolithic metallic alloys are among the most widely used structural materials. By reinforcing them with continuous fibers, discontinuous fibers, whiskers, and particles, new materials are created with enhanced or modified properties, such as higher strength and... 

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