Monochromators components

Large high purity crystals ate cut into windows and refracting components for use in x-ray monochromators (14), and in the vacuum uv, uv, visible, and it ranges. 

Ultrasensitive Equipment In recent years all components of Raman equipment (laser, sampling optics, filtering, monochromator, and detector) have been clearly improved. This has led to an enormous increase in sensitivity and has enabled direct observation of adsorbed molecules with carefully optimized instruments without the need for further enhancement or resonance effects. 

Some X-ray photoelectron spectrometers are equipped with monochromators that can be used to remove unwanted radiation, such as the continuous radiation and even some of the weaker characteristic X-rays such as K<,3, K 4, Kas, and Ko,6, from the emission spectrum of the anode. A monochromator can also be used to resolve the K i,2 line into its two components K i and Ka2- Using a monochromator has at least two beneficial effects. It enables the narrow, intense K<, line to be used to excite spectra at very high resolution. A monochromator also prevents unnecessary radiation (continuous, K<,2, Ka3, K<,4, Kas, and Ka6) that might contribute to thermal or photochemical degradation from impinging on the sample. 

When recording excitation and fluorescence spectra it must be ensured that monochromatic light falls on the detector This can best be verified in instruments built up on the kit principle or in those equipped with two monochromators (spectrofluonmeters) The majority of scanners commercially available at the moment do not allow of such an optical train, which was realized in the KM3 chromatogram spectrometer (Zeiss) So such units are not able to generate direct absorption or fluorescence spectra for the charactenzation of fluorescent components... 

In these instruments the monochromated beam of radiation, from tungsten and deuterium lamp sources, is divided into two identical beams, one of which passes through the reference cell and the other through the sample cell. The signal for the absorption of the contents of the reference cell is automatically subtracted from that from the sample cell giving a net signal corresponding to the absorption for the components in the sample solution. 

A modern laser Raman spectrometer consists of four fundamental components a laser source, an optical system for focusing the laser beam on to the sample and for directing the Raman scattered light to the monochromator entrance slit, a double or triple monochromator to disperse the scattered light, and a photoelectric detection system to measure the intensity of the light passing through the monochromator exit slit (Fig. 7). 

There are four approaches to remove or account for this effect (i) primary radiation free of any )12 component can be produced (ii) a Si or Ge monochromator may be used (iii) the 12 component of the scattered radiation can be determined (iv) an independent determination of the amount of 12 scattering may be carried out. 

Optical devices are placed in the light path in order to shape the primary beam. Beam-position monitors, shutters, slits, monochromators, stabilizers, absorbers, and mirrors are utilized for this purpose. The effective beam shape and its flux are defined by these components. In particular, if mirrors are cooled, vibration must be avoided and thermal expansion should be compensated. 

Laboratory X-ray sources emit highly divergent radiation. With conventional optics the major part of this radiation is discarded by a slit system and a monochromator. Both components can be replaced by a Gobel mirror [73,74], Figure 4.5 shows its construction and application. As a result a parallel and highly monochromatic primary beam is received. Replacement of conventional incident beam optics (cf. Fig. 2.2) by a Gobel mirror increases the primary beam intensity by a factor of 10-50. 

Fig. 1. Typical locations for CAM components, showing the photometer, 1 filter wheel, 2 monochromator, 3 shutter and aperture unit, 4 beam splitter, 5 accessories for polarized light such as a rotary analyzer and a compensator, 6 beam splitter for epi-excitation fluorescence, 7 objective lens, 8 stage, 9 substage condenser, 10 condenser aperture, 11 polarizer, 12 field aperture for photometry, 13 shutter, 14 primary illuminator, 15 arc lamp, 16 shutter, 17 monochromator, 18 filter wheel, 19 and ocular, 20.

IR spectrometers have the same components as UY/visible, except the materials need to be specially selected for their transmission properties in the IR (e.g., NaCl prisms for the monochromators). The radiation source is simply an inert substance heated to about 1500 °C (e.g., the Nernst glower, which uses a cylinder composed of rare earth oxides). Detection is usually by a thermal detector, such as a simple thermocouple, or some similar device. Two-beam system instruments often work on the null principle, in which the power of the reference beam is mechanically attenuated by the gradual insertion of a wedge-shaped absorber inserted into the beam, until it matches the power in the sample beam. In a simple ( flatbed ) system with a chart recorder, the movement of the mechanical attenuator is directly linked to the chart recorder. The output spectrum is essentially a record of the degree of... 

What are the components of a monochromator What is the function of each component ... 

The various components of a double-monochromator infrared spectrophotometer shown in Figure 22.3 are as follows below ... 

Polarization effects The transmission efficiency of a monochromator depends on the polarization of light. This can easily be demonstrated by placing a polarizer between the sample and the emission monochromator it is observed that the position and shape of the fluorescence spectrum may significantly depend on the orientation of the polarizer. Consequently, the observed fluorescence intensity depends on the polarization of the emitted fluorescence, i.e. on the relative contribution of the vertically and horizontally polarized components. This problem can be circumvented in the following way. 

Let Ix, Iy and Iz be the intensity components of the fluorescence, respectively (Figure 6.3). If no polarizer is placed between the sample and the emission monochromator, the light intensity viewed by the monochromator is Iz + Iy, which is not proportional to the total fluorescence intensity (Ix + Iy + Iz). Moreover, the transmission efficiency of the monochromator depends on the polarization of the incident light and is thus not the same for Iz and Iy. To get a response proportional to the total fluorescence intensity, independently of the fluorescence polarization, polarizers must be used under magic angle conditions (see appendix, p. 196) a polarizer is introduced between the excitation monochromator and the sample and... 

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