Polarization horizontal

Note that this also involves the assumption of isotropic molecules, which have the same polarizability in all directions. Unpolarized light consists of equal amounts of vertical and horizontal polarization, so the fraction of light scattered in the unpolarized (subscript u) case is given by... 

Describe the angular dependence of the vertically and horizontally polarized light scattered by a molecule and their resultant by considering the intensity as a vector anchored at the origin whose length in various directions is given by the trigonometric terms in Eqs. (10.25), (10.26), and (10.30),... 

Along the z axis, sin 0 contributes nothing but sin 0,, = 1. so the net scattered light is horizontally polarized. 

Detection limits for various elements by TXRF on Si wafers are shown in Fig. 4.13. Synchrotron radiation (SR) enables bright and horizontally polarized X-ray excitation of narrow collimation that reduces the Compton scatter of silicon. Recent developments in the field of SR-TXRF and extreme ultra violet (EUV) lithography nurture our hope for improved sensitivity down to the range of less than 10 atoms cm ... 

Integral intensities were obtained after dead-time corrections, background subtraction and normalization to averaged monitor counts. The Lp correction was applied in the usual way. Since the polarization ratio was not measured at BW5 so far, 90% linear horizontally polarized radiation was assumed for all scans. Calculations show that even a change in the beam polarization of 10% would effect the intensities of the highest order reflections of less than 1.5%. 

The calibration may not be needed in anisotropy and lifetime sensing. In lifetime sensing, the single-channel response allows obtaining the signal that does not need calibration. In anisotropy sensing, the two (vertical and horizontal) polarizations provide the necessary two channels, and in FRET to fluorescent acceptor, these two channels are selected as the intensities at two wavelengths. 

Synchrotron light is, in general, polarized in horizontal direction ([10], p. 9-13). Nevertheless, the polarization of the beam is never perfect. In order to be able to carry out a quantitative polarization correction, the quality of polarization should be monitored by means of a polarization monitor [11] that is positioned in the primary beam. The polarization monitor is registering the horizontally polarized component, 4, and the vertically polarized component, 4- From these two intensities the quality... 

Fig. 19. Hypothetical orientation of the SO - SI transition dipoles (blue band) of the bluelight photoreceptor in the Phycomyces sporangiophore as concluded from polarized light experiments96). Horizontally polarized light is about 20% more effective than vertically polarized light, as sketched...

Figure 9.2 Quantitative description of optical rotation. A vertically polarized electric field Em is incident on chiral system and induces vertically directed dipole moment i and magnetic moment m. Both act as sources of radiation, p, giving rise to vertically polarized field, m giving rise to horizontally polarized field. Sum of both fields is a new field E0ut with polarization rotated over angle 0.

Fig. 9.8 Cross section of a silicon slot waveguide consisting of two 180 nm x 250 nm silicon channels, separated by a 50 nm gap. The solid line represents a line plot of the electric field amplitude of the horizontally polarized TE mode, taken along the horizontal midline of the waveguide...

When the incident light is horizontally polarized, the horizontal Ox axis is an axis of symmetry for the fluorescence intensity Iy = Iz. The fluorescence observed in the direction of this axis (i.e. at 90° in a horizontal plane) should thus be unpolarized (Figure 5.3). This configuration is of practical interest in checking the possible residual polarization due to imperfect optical tuning. When a monochromator is used for observation, the polarization observed is due to the dependence of its transmission efficiency on the polarization of light. Then, measurement of the polarization with a horizontally polarized incident beam permits correction to get the true emission anisotropy (see Section 6.1.6). 

The components ly and Ih, vertically and horizontally polarized respectively, are such that Jz = Jy = Ix, Iy = IH (Figure 5.3). The total fluorescence intensity is then 2fy + Ih- The polarization ratio and the emission anisotropy are given by... 

Polarization effects The transmission efficiency of a monochromator depends on the polarization of light. This can easily be demonstrated by placing a polarizer between the sample and the emission monochromator it is observed that the position and shape of the fluorescence spectrum may significantly depend on the orientation of the polarizer. Consequently, the observed fluorescence intensity depends on the polarization of the emitted fluorescence, i.e. on the relative contribution of the vertically and horizontally polarized components. This problem can be circumvented in the following way. 

Now, for a given angle 9, excitation can be considered as the superimposition of two beams, one vertically polarized with a weight of cos2 9, and the other horizontally polarized with a weight of sin2 9. Therefore, the intensity components are... 

They found a whole bunch of soft phonons, which are primarily horizontally polarized, near the zone boundaries between M and X. The most unstable mode they observed is the Mj phonon, the displacement pattern of which is shown in Fig. 40 note the similarity between this pattern and the reconstruction model in Fig. 39. According to Wang and Weber, these soft phonons are caused by electron-phonon coupling between the surface phonon modes and the electronic 3 surface states at the Fermi surface. They attributed the predominant Ms phonon instability to an additional coupling between d(x — y ) and d(xy) orbitals of the Zj states. 

Phenomenon consequent upon the electric vectors of the incident and scattered beams being non-coplanar, such that light scattered from a vertically (horizontally) polarized incident beam contains a horizontal (vertical) component. 

Fig. 9 Electropherograms showing 3 nM fluorescently labeled 11-mer in the absence (A) and in the presence (B) of 0.7 /j,M SSB protein in the running buffer. The conditions used were as follows separation capillary, 35 cm, 20-/xm i.d. running buffer, 25 mM disodium tetraborate (pH 9.1) separation voltage, 25 kV excitation wavelength, 488 nm emission wavelength, 515 nm and temperature, 25 (1°C. Approximately 1 nL of sample solution was injected electrokinetically. The asterisk indicates the migration time of the solvent, The traces Iv and Ih, corresponding to vertically and horizontally polarized fluorescence intensities, respectively, are shown separated for clarity. (From Ref. 48.)...

Fig. 4.54. Laser-induced steady-state luminescence spectra of alexandrite (a-c) and chrysoberyl (d) demonstrating different Cr and possibly V centers. Vertical polarisation - straight line, horizontal polarization - dash line...

Fig. 4.70. Laser-induced steady-state luminescence spectra of thorite (a) and monazite (b-d) natural and heated demonstrating uranyl, Eu ", Sm and Nd " centers. Straight line-vertical polarization, dashed Zi e-horizontal polarization...

Experiment II. Horizontal and Vertical Polarizers. (1) Let P be a horizontal polarizer the amplitude of the transmitted wave is E and the irradiance 1 recorded by the detector is E E. (2) Let P be a vertical polarizer the amplitude of the transmitted wave is E and the irradiance I recorded by the detector is E E. The difference between these two measured irradiances is... 

If optical rotation 4>7 for a collection of particles is defined as the change in azimuth of a horizontally polarized incident beam (y, = 0) after it is... 

Starting at z = 0 from horizontal polarization (S = (1,0,0)), we can produce vertical linear polarization for the whole interval of values of the rotary power... 

Fig. 11.4. Velocities of bulk and surface waves in an (001) plane the angle of propagation in the plane is relative to a [100] direction, (a) Zirconia, anisotropy factor Aan = 0.36 (b) gallium arsenide, anisotropy factor Aan = 1.83 material constants taken from Table 11.3. Bulk polarizations L, longitudinal SV, shear vertical, polarized normal to the (001) plane SH, shear horizontal, polarized in the (001) plane. Surface modes R, Rayleigh, slower than any bulk wave in that propagation direction PS, pseudo-surface wave, faster than one polarization of bulk shear wave propagating in...

Here I0 is the intensity of the x-ray beam, r0 = e2/mc2 is the classical electron radius (2.82 x 10 15 m)., P(9,) is the polarization of the x-rays it depends on the angle between the polarization and the scattering vector. For horizontally polarized x-rays, it takes the form P(0, < >) = 1 - sin220 sin2t)>, where 20 is the scattering angle and < > the azimuthal angle with respect to the vertical direction. The formfactor ) is the Fourier transform of the atomic electron density ... 

When using horizontally polarized light, Eq. (B.10) is multiplied by the polarization factor cos20, while with the use of unpolarized light the polarization factor is (1 + cos2 8)12... 

Figure B3.6.12 Depolarization of fluorescence indicates rotation of the chromophore. Monochromatic radiation from the source (S) has all but the vertically polarized electric vector removed by the polarizer (P). This is absorbed only by those molecules (see Fig. B3.6.5) in which the transition dipole of the chromophore is aligned vertically. In the case where these molecules do not rotate appreciably before they fluoresce ( no rotation"), the same molecules will fluoresce (indicated by shading) and their emitted radiation will be polarized parallel to the incident radiation. The intensity of radiation falling on the detector (D) will be zero when the analyzer (A) is oriented perpendicular to the polarizer. In the case where the molecules rotate significantly before fluorescence takes place, some of the excited chromophores will emit radiation with a horizontal polarization ( rotation ) and some with a vertical polarization. Finite intensities will be measured with both parallel and perpendicular orientations of the analyzer. The fluorescence from the remainder of the excited molecules will not be detected. The heavy arrows on the left of the diagram illustrate the case where there is rotation.

The attenuated total reflection (ATR) method measures the reflection coefficients of vertically and horizontally polarized light reflected from a polymer layer adsorbed on a transparent surface63. These coefficients allow the thickness of the adsorbed layer and the polymer concentration in it to be determined. 

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