Molybdenum complexes chirality

For a chiral molybdenum-based catalyst available in situ from commercial components, see (a) Aeilts SL, Cefalo DR, Bonitatebus PJ, Houser JH, Hoveyda AH, Schrock RR (2001) Angew Chem Int Ed 40 1452 (b) For the first enantiomerically pure solid-sup-ported Mo catalyst, see Hultzsch KC, Jernelius JA, Hoveyda AH, Schrock RR (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed 41 589 (c) For a chiral Mo catalyst, allowing RCM to small- and medium-ring cyclic amines, see Dolman SJ, Sattely ES, Hoveyda AH, Schrock RR (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124 6991 (d) For a novel adamantyl imido-molybdenum complex with advanced selectivity profiles, see Tsang WCP, Jernelius JA, Cortez GA, Weatherhead GS, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125 2591... 

Asymmetric Synthesis Using a Chiral Molybdenum Catalyst In olefin metathesis, a double bond is cleaved and a double bond is formed. Thus, a chiral carbon center is not constructed in the reaction. To realize the asymmetric induction by ring-closing metathesis, there are two procedures a kinetic resolution and desym-metrization of symmetric prochiral triene. Various molybdenum complexes are synthesized in order to explore the viabihty of these approaches (Figure 6.2). 

The chiral ligand (44) was prepared starting from the cyclic a-amino acid (S)-proline80). Recently, similar chiral catalysts and related molybdenum complexes involving optically active N-alkyl-P-aminoalcohols as stable chiral ligands and acetylacetone as a replaceable bidentate ligand, were designed for the epoxidation of allylic alcohols with alkyl hydroperoxides which could be catalyzed by such metal complexes 8,). 

Diperoxo(oxo)molybdenum(IV) complex bearing (S)-lactic acid piperidineamide as a chiral ligand has been used for the epoxidation of E-2-butene (Scheme 6B.8) and moderate enantiose-lectivity (49%) is achieved wherein the reaction is stoichiometric [16]. Two possible mechanisms have been proposed for this reaction. One mechanism includes coordination of an olefin prior to epoxidation, which makes the olefin electrophilic and facilitates the nucleophilic attack of the proximal oxygen atom of the peroxide on the olefin. The other one is that an olefin nucleophilically attacks the peroxo group of the molybdenum complex. 

A catalytic asymmetric oxidation of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted alkenes using a chiral bishydroxamic acid (BHA) complex of molybdenum catalyst in air at room temperature leads to good to excellent selectivity. It has been suggested that the Mo-BHA complex combines with the achiral oxidant to oxidize the alkene in a concerted fashion by transfer of oxygen from the metal peroxide to the alkene.78 The chiral BHA-molybdenum complex has been used for the catalytic asymmetric oxidation of sulfides and disulfides, utilizing 1 equiv. of alkyl peroxide, with yields up to 83% and ees up to 86%. An extension of the methodology combines the asymmetric oxidation with kinetic resolution providing excellent enantioselectivity (ee = 92-99%).79... 

Chiral molybdenum complexes of llil-pyran.1 Enantiomerically pure Mo-com-plexes, (S)- and (R)-l, of 2//-pyran have been prepared by known methods (13, 194-195) from d- and L-arabinose, respectively. They react with a wide range of nucleophiles at an allylic position with 96% ee. The resulting complex can react with a second nucleophile at the other allylic position to form c/y-disubstituted complexes, also with high enantioselectivity. The sequence can be used to obtain chiral cis-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans such as 2, a component of the scent gland of the civer cat. 

Simple chiral phosphines have already been mentioned (Section 3.1.3) and the macrocycle enantiomers are discussed below (Section 4.6). Current research in this area is concentrated on bidentate chiral phosphines, such as the ligands (24)-(27). Although their transition metal complexes are normally used for stereospecific synthesis, Whitmire and coworkers used the molybdenum complexes to resolve their racemic bisphosphines via flash chromatography. The phosphines were decomplexed by reductive cleavage at low temperatures (-78 °C) using sodium naphthalenide (Scheme 1). 

Further examples of asymmetric reactions involving chiral monoterpenoids include the formation of chiral /S-keto-sulphoxides from (-)-menthyl carboxy-lates, " synthesis of diastereomeric tetrahedral molybdenum complexes,the enantioselective hydrosilylation of ketones,and the preparation of the chiral l-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acids. 

The. V-alkylation of ephedrine is a convenient method for obtaining tertiary amines which are useful as catalysts, e.g., for enantioselective addition of zinc alkyls to carbonyl compounds (Section D. 1.3.1.4.), and as molybdenum complexes for enantioselective epoxidation of allylic alcohols (Section D.4.5.2.2.). As the lithium salts, they are used as chiral bases, and in the free form for the enantioselective protonation of enolates (Section D.2.I.). As auxiliaries, such tertiary amines were used for electrophilic amination (Section D.7.I.), and carbanionic reactions, e.g., Michael additions (Sections D. 1.5.2.1. and D.1.5.2.4.). For the introduction of simple jV-substituents (CH3, F.t, I-Pr, Pretc.), reductive amination of the corresponding carbonyl compounds with Raney nickel is the method of choice13. For /V-substituents containing further functional groups, e.g., 6 and 7, direct alkylations of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine have both been applied14,15. 

Another feature that is crucial in considering rearrangements in monosubstituted allyls is the effect on the chirality and stereochemistry. In crotyl complexes, formation of a a-bond at the unsubstituted terminus provides a path for racemization for the stereogenic center at the substituted terminus (equation 21). Formation of the a-bond at the monosubstituted terminus, however, results in conversion to a different isomer (equation 22). The most stable isomer is the syn isomer (72) and, in the absence of a substituent on the central carbon, the anti isomer (74) will only occur to the extent of 5%. Thus if one considers complexes like (acac)Pd(allyl), some racemize, whereas others only isomerize because there is no path for racemization (equation 23). These concepts have been used effectively by Bosnich in the design of systems for asymmetric allylic alkylation. These concepts also allow the rationalization of why certain substrates give low enantiomeric yields. It should be noted here that the planar rotation found in some of the molybdenum complexes retains the chirality in the allyl moiety. 

Finally, the use of stoichiometric amounts of transition metal complexes can play an important role in the synthesis of functionalized piperidines. <01H14.39> Liebeskind and coworkers have developed a chiral transition metal complex and have used it in the synthesis of (-)-indolizidine 209B <01JA12477>. A lipase mediated allylic alcohol resolution provides access to both antipodes of enantiomerically pure allyl acetates (115) which can be used to form an ri -allyl molybdenum complex (116), Hydride abstraction followed by methoxide quench yields a reactive species 117 which may be further functionalized through reactions with Grignard reagents. The eventual products 119 arc 2,3,6-trisubstituted piperidines in enantiomerically pure form. 

Chiral molybdenum complexes 130-135 were selected based on their documented ability to promote ARCM in kinetic resolutions or desymmetrisa-tions. They were tested in the catalytic ARCM of several phosphinates and phosphine oxides which were strategically synthesised to provide P-stereogenic compounds. The results are listed in Table 6.17. 

The molybdenum complex of 1,1 -biphenyl-2,2 -diol-based ligand (BIPHEN) possessing an axial element of chirality proved to be an efficient catalyst in various modes of enantioselective olefin metathesis (71). (The catalytic precursor is known as the Schrock-Hoveyda catalyst.)... 

Treatment of Cp"Cr(Ti -Cot), Cp" = Cp, Cp with (EtCN)3M(CO)3, M = Mo, W and Fe2(CO)9 affords the complexes [(Cp Cr)(CO)3M][ i-Cot], M = Fe, Cr, W, Cp = Cp and I(Cp Cr)(CO)3Crl/i-Cot, Cot = Cyclooctatetrane, which have been spectroscopically characterised. Bimetallic complexes containing bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) dimethylsilane bridges have been prepared from the reaction of arene tricarbonyl molybdenum complexes with the silyl substituted cyclopentadienyl derivative. The synthesis of pinanylcyclopentadienes followed by metallation and reaction with Mo(CO)s and Mel gives the chiral (-)-[(ii -C5Me4-3-pinanyl)(CO)3Me], which has been structurally characterised. The chiral methallyl complexes CpMo(NO)X(Ti -2-methallyl) X = camphorsulfonate have been resolved and the reactions of the... 

Using the same concept, Hoveyda and co-workers recently employed molybdenum derived chiral complexes to develop a net catalytic enantioselective, cross metathesis process based on either the kinetic resolution of racemic allylic alcohols or the asym-... 

Liebeskind s synthesis of (lil,4il,9aS)-quinolizidine 251AA (2297), referred to above, was an extension of the route his team had previously used in the synthesis of 5,8-disubstituted indolizidine alkaloids (cf. Scheme 241 Section 6.2.5). In brief, the chiral molybdenum complex (—)-1909 was converted in six steps into the 2,3-iraHS-2,6-n 5-tetrahydropyr-idine (2S,3il,6il)-(—)-2298 (Scheme 293). Tandem hydrogenation of the alkene and hydrogenolysis of the protecting groups followed by ring closure of the amino alcohol (—)-2299 under Mitsunobu conditions then completed the synthesis of (—)-quinolizidine 251AA (2297) (Scheme 293). 

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