Moles of water per mole

Group 13 (IIIA) Perchlorates. Perchlorate compounds of boron and aluminum are known. Boron perchlorates occur as double salts with alkah metal perchlorates, eg, cesium boron tetraperchlorate [33152-95-3] Cs(B(C104)4) (51). Aluminum perchlorate [14452-95-3] A1(C104)2, forms a series of hydrates having 3, 6, 9, or 15 moles of water per mole of compound. The anhydrous salt is prepared from the trihydrate by drying under reduced pressure at 145—155°C over P2O5 (32). 

Water. Based on the overall balanced equation for this reaction, a minimum of one mole of water per mole of nitro compound is required for the reduction to take place. In practice, however, 4 to 5 moles of water per mole of nitro compound are used to ensure that enough water is present to convert all of the iron to the intermediate ferrous and ferric hydroxides. In some cases, much larger amounts of water are used to dissolve the amino compound and help separate it from the iron oxide sludge after the reaction is complete. 

Organic-solvent-soluble, higher molecular weight polytitanoxanes, having a proposed mdder-shaped stmcture, can be prepared by careful addition of an alcohol solution of 1.0—1.7 moles of water per mole of tetraalkyl titanate, followed by distillation of the low boiling alcohol components. Polytitanoxanes having molecular weights up to 20,000 have been prepared by this method (31). 

The net reaction uses only one mole of water per mole of NaOH as no oxygen and hydrogen is generated... 

Numeric values for the volumes of solution containing a fixed quantity (one mole) of ethanol are listed in Column 7. The partial molar volumes can be determined by computing the derivative of the quantity in Column 7, the volume of a quantity of solution containing one mole of ethanol and varying moles of water, with respect to the number of moles of water per mole of ethanol, the quantity in Column 3. 

Figure 6. Evolution of the membrane structure as a function of water content, 1 (moles of water per mole of sulfonic acid sites). The pictures are cross-sectional representations of the membrane where the gray area is the fluorocarbon matrix, the black is the polymer side chain, the light gray is the liquid water, and the dotted line is a collapsed channel. (Reproduced with permission from ref 89. Copyright 2003 The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Nitriles are hydrolysed to 1° amides, and then to carboxylic acids either by acid catalysis or base catalysis. It is possible to stop the acid hydrolysis at the amide stage by using H2SO4 as an acid catalyst and one mole of water per mole of nitrile. Mild basic conditions (NaOH, H2O, 50 °C) only take the hydrolysis to the amide stage, and more vigorous basic condition (NaOH, H2O, 200 °C) is required to convert the amide to a carboxylic acid. 

The major drawback of the usual diazotization with alkaline nitrite lies in the production of two moles of water per mole of aniline. As in such conditions water is responsible for phenolic byproducts and rapid corrosion of vessels, several modifications have been recommended. The first is the addition, before sodium nitrite, of a dehydrating compound, such as concentrated sulfuric acid (used in an equimolar amount with respect to aniline),47 phosphoric oxide,48 or water-sensitive halides (PC15, SbCl5, BF3, etc., with MX /ArNH2 1 2).48 The second, which is more expensive, involves diazotization agents which deliver only one mole of water per mole of aniline. 

CALCIUM CHLORIDE. Calcium chloride. [CAS I004.7-52-4J. CaClj, is a white, crystalline salt that is very soluble in water. Solutions containing 30-45 wl % CaCh are used commercially. Of the alkaline-earth chlorides it is the most soluble in water, h is extremely hygroscopic and liberates large amounts of heat during water absorption and on dissolution. It forms a series of hydrates containing one. two, four, and six moles of water per mole of caJcium chloride (Table I). Another hydrate. CaCl 0.331 I O. has been identified, mol wi 116.98 94.8 wl % CaCl, heat of solution in water to infinite dilution. -71.37 kJ/mol (- 17.06 keal/mol). 

Stepwise hydrolysis is much more feasible in the case of dialkoxydi-alkyl- or dialkoxydiarylsilanes, for one reason because these may be hydrolyzed in the presence of only catalytic amounts of acidic or alkline reagents. The simplest examples of this class were recently described by Lasocki (37) who hydrolyzed dimethyldimethoxysilane, using 0.75 mole of water per mole of Me2Si(OMe)2 and dilute alcoholic methanol as the solvent, to obtain members of the series, MeO(SiMe20)nMe (n = 2-10). Some cyclic poly(dimethylsiloxanes) were formed simultaneously. The ratio of linear to cyclic products varied with the proportion of water to methoxysilane and with the amount of base used as catalyst. Similar observations were made by Matsui (39). 

For small amounts of solubilized water, as a polar additive, the stability of the micelle is markedly increased, as shown by a decrease in the CMC. On the other hand, large amounts of water as a polar additive decrease the stability of the micelle. It is known that a solution of AOT in iso-octane solubilized up to 50 moles of water per mole of surfactant. As the concentration of water increases, the isotropic reverse micellar solution changes to a water-in-oil microemulsion. A clear understanding of the complex analyte-micelle-water pool interactions, especially analyte concentration and pH at the head group interfacial region, is under intensive study (Cline Love and al., 1984 Little and Singleterry, 1964 Luisi and Straub, 1984 Mclntire, 1990). 

Overall there is a surplus of one mole of water per mole of ammonia that is fed to the plant - if the burner is 100% efficient. If the burner efficiency is 95%, 5% of the ammonia feed is converted to N2 or N20 according to Eq. (9.7) or Eq. (9.8) with no extra water. Therefore a maximum nitric acid concentration of... 

The amount of water used in sol-gel preparation and the rate by which it is added also influence gel characteristics. The former is usually expressed in terms of the hydrolysis ratio h, defined as the moles of water per mole of metal alkoxide, M(OR)m. There are three specific regions of interest [4] ... 

Then, during the acid-catalyzed reaction, the weight equivalent of another 0.75 moles of water per mole of glucose was lost. After this stage, all samples were dark brown. Feather and Harris (11) describe a number of intra- and intermolecular dehydration mechanisms for carbohydrates in acidic solution. In that study, some of those mechanisms were aided by the presence of amines. 

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