Molecular shock

If we consider a particle of mass m moving parallel to the a) axis with a component velocity x under the influence of molecular shocks the equation of motion will be... 

Detonation, as described earlier, is a process where upon a matrix of uniform particles of gas and solid forms a pressure wave. The pressure wave is what causes the bulk of destruction. However, it should be noted that detonation is a completely different process then deflagration and combustion. As previously stated, compounds that detonate must poses certain functional groups. These functional groups are initiated by molecular shocks generated by blasting caps, detonators, and/or boosters. Of coarse not all explosives need to be initiated by blasting caps, detonators, and/or boosters for example, primary explosives (which you will learn much about shortly) can be detonated under relatively easy means by sparks, heat, friction, percussion, fire, and shock. 

Dahl, K.N., Kahn, S.M., Wilson, K.L. et al. The nuclear envelope lamina network has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber. J. Cell Sci. 117, 4779, 2004. 

The Orion Nebula has been extensively studied as the nearest massive star forming region to us. As a laboratory for the study of associated phenomena, such as young stellar outflows, molecular shocks and photodissociation regions, Orion is unparalleled. This paper presents observations of the region which provide new insight into the way these processes are at work. 

Chlorine heptoxide is more stable than either chlorine monoxide or chlorine dioxide however, the CX C) detonates when heated or subjected to shock. It melts at —91.5°C, bods at 80°C, has a molecular weight of 182.914, a heat of vapori2ation of 34.7 kj/mol (8.29 kcal/mol), and, at 0°C, a vapor pressure of 3.2 kPa (23.7 mm Hg) and a density of 1.86 g/mL (14,15). The infrared spectmm is consistent with the stmcture O CIOCIO (16). Cl O decomposes to chlorine and oxygen at low (0.2—10.7 kPa (1.5—80 mm Hg)) pressures and in a temperature range of 100—120°C (17). It is soluble in ben2ene, slowly attacking the solvent with water to form perchloric acid it also reacts with iodine to form iodine pentoxide and explodes on contact with a flame or by percussion. Reaction with olefins yields the impact-sensitive alkyl perchlorates (18). 

Cyclic Peroxides. CycHc diperoxides (4) and triperoxides (5) are soHds and the low molecular weight compounds are shock-sensitive and explosive (151). The melting points of some characteristic compounds of this type are given in Table 5. They can be reduced to carbonyl compounds and alcohols with zinc and alkaH, zinc and acetic acid, aluminum amalgam, Grignard reagents, and warm acidified iodides (44,122). They are more difficult to analyze by titration with acidified iodides than the acycHc peroxides and have been sucessfuUy analyzed by gas chromatography (112). 

Computational methods have played an exceedingly important role in understanding the fundamental aspects of shock compression and in solving complex shock-wave problems. Major advances in the numerical algorithms used for solving dynamic problems, coupled with the tremendous increase in computational capabilities, have made many problems tractable that only a few years ago could not have been solved. It is now possible to perform two-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations with a high degree of accuracy, and three-dimensional problems can also be solved with moderate accuracy. 

Pure NI3 has not been isolated, but the structure of its well-known extremely shock-sensitive adduct with NH3 has been elucidated — a feat of considerable technical virtuosity.Unlike the volatile, soluble, molecular solid NCI3, the involatile, insoluble compound [Nl3.NH3] has a polymeric structure in which tetrahedral NI4 units are comer-linked into infinite chains of -N-I-N-I- (215 and 230 pm) which in turn are linked into sheets by I-I interactions (336 pm) in the c-direction in addition, one I of each NI4 unit is also loosely attached to an NH3 (253 pm) that projects into the space between the sheets of tetra-hedra. The stmcture resembles that of the linked Si04 units in chain metasilicates (p. 349). A further interesting feature is the presence of linear or almost linear N-I-N groupings which suggest the presence of 3-centre, 4-electron bonds (pp. 63, 64) characteristic of polyhalides and xenon halides (pp. 835-8, 897). 

The diazirines are of special interest because of their isomerism with the aliphatic diazo compounds. The diazirines show considerable differences in their properties from the aliphatic diazo compounds, except in their explosive nature. The compounds 3-methyl-3-ethyl-diazirine and 3,3-diethyldiazirine prepared by Paulsen detonated on shock and on heating. Small quantities of 3,3-pentamethylenediazirine (68) can be distilled at normal pressures (bp 109°C). On overheating, explosion followed. 3-n-Propyldiazirine exploded on attempts to distil it a little above room temperature. 3-Methyldiazirine is stable as a gas, but on attempting to condense ca. 100 mg for vapor pressure measurements, it detonated with complete destruction of the apparatus." Diazirine (67) decomposed at once when a sample which had been condensed in dry ice was taken out of the cold trap. Work with the lower molecular weight diazirines in condensed phases should therefore be avoided. 

Molecular chaperone (relative molecular mass 78 K) found in the lumen of the ER. BiP is related to the Hsp70 family of heat-shock proteins and was originally described as immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein. 

Molecular chaperones, stress proteins (note not all stress proteins are molecular chaperones and not all molecular chaperones are stress proteins) Heat shock proteins (Hsp) Polypeptide chain binding proteins... 

Hsp70 is a molecular chaperone (relative molecular mass 70 kD) found in different compartments of eucaryotic cells. Hsp70 was originally described as heat shock protein 70. 

The IV solutions of plasma expanders include hetastarch (Hespan), low-molecular-weight dextran (Dextran 40), and high-molecular-weight dextran (Dextran 70, Dextran 75). Plasma expanders are used to expand plasma volume when shock is caused by bums, hemorrhage surgery, and otiier trauma and for prophylaxis of venous thrombosis and diromboembolism. When used in die treatment of shock, plasma expanders are not a substitute for whole blood or plasma, but tiiey are of value as emergency measures until die latter substances can be used. 

Assume that isentropic conditions exist on either side of the shock wave and that the gas has a mean molecular weight of 40 kg/kmol. a ratio of specific heats of 1.4, and obeys the ideal gas. law. 

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