Molecular motors rotary motor

Figure 17.2 A light-driven molecular azimuthal rotary motor immobilized on a nanoparticle gold surface.52 (Reprinted with permission from V. Balzani et al., ChemPhysChem 2008,9, 202-220. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA.)...

Coming, P.A. (2002). Thermoeconomics beyond the second law. J. Bioeconom., 4, 57-88 Everett, D.H. (1959). An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics. Longmans, London Kinosita, K., Yasuda, R., Noji, H. and Adachi, K. (2000). A rotary molecular motor that can work at near 100% efficiency. Philos. Trans. Act. Royal Soc. London B, 355, 473—489. See also Proc. Biochem. Soc. (2005) Meeting Mechanics of Bioenergetic Membrane Proteins Structures and... 

Campbell, P.N., Smith, A.D. and Peters, T.J. (2005) Biochemistry Illustrated Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the Post-Genomic Era, 5th edition, Elsevier, London and Oxford, 242 pp. Capaldi, R. and Aggeler, R. (2002) Mechanism of FjF0-type ATP synthase, a biological rotary motor, TIBS, 27, 154-160. 

A. Kazaryan, Z. G. Lan, L. V. Schafer, M. Filatov, and W. Thiel. Surface hopping excited-state dynamics study of the photoisomerization of a light-driven fluorene molecular rotary motor, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 1 2189-2199 (2011). 

The present volume covers Muscle and Molecular Motors . The first few chapters describe the ultrastructures of striated muscles and of various muscle filaments (myosin, actin, titin), they discuss the regulation of muscle contractile activity, and they explore the mechanism of force production and movement. The book then sets out to survey other kinds of motor systems microtubules and their interactions with both microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and the motor proteins kinesin and dynein, the major sperm protein in nematodes, the rotary ATPases driven by or driving proton gradients, and the action of motor enzymes, polymerases, on nucleic acids. The aim throughout is to explore different molecular mechanisms of motor action in order to identify common themes. 

A unique feature of the F/V/A-ATPases is that they are rotary molecular motor enzymes. This has been shown by experiment for members of the F-and V-ATPase subfamilies and is generally assumed to be true for the closely related A-ATPases as well. The two enzymatic processes, ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and ion translocation, are coupled via a rotational motion of a central domain of the complex (the rotor) relative to a static domain (the stator). The A-, F-, and V-ATPases represent the smallest rotary motors found in the living cell so far. Most of what we know about the structure and mechanism of these microscopic energy converters comes from studies conducted with the F-ATPase. In the following review, current structural knowledge for all three members of the family of F-, V-,... 

Finally, the making of real motors at the molecular level remains a challenge. Not only will the motion have to be continuous, in the sense that cyclic processes, with a turnover, are required, but directionality will be essential. This is especially true for molecular ensembles aimed at mimicking the dynamic properties of ATP synthase. Although still relatively remote from continuous directional rotary motion, one interesting chemical system with behavior reminiscent of rotary motors has recently been proposed.11041 For a photochemical driven unindirectional rotor,11051 see Chapter 5. Other systems, based on related or different principles, will no doubt be reported in the future. 

Wilkens S (2005) Rotary molecular motors. Adv Protein Chem 71 345-382. 

Sterically hindered alkenes derived from naphtho[2,l-A thiopyrans continue to attract attention as molecular motors tethering the motor to a quartz surface enables controlled rotary motion in monolayer assemblies to be accomplished <2007AGE1278>. The reversible interconversion between a non-fluorescent and two fluorescent states of crowded bisthioxanthylidenes can be achieved through irradiation and temperature and redox changes <2006JA12412>. 

In a macroscopic rotary machine, the turning part is called the rotor and the stationary part is called the stator. In the molecular world, any part of a rotary motor that is rigidly attached to the surface can be considered as the stator, while that which is not is called the rotor (or rotator). 

Surface-mounted molecular rotary motors are extremely interesting from a basic viewpoint.33 They could also find applications in a variety of molecular-sized devices and machines, for example, in the fields of nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and nanofluidics.50 Two different types of surface-mounted molecular rotors can be... 

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