Mole percent mol

The potential of the silver-silver chloride electrode is sensitive to traces of bromide in the solution used to deposit AgCl. The presence of 0.01 mole percent (mol %) of bromide in a KC1 electrolyte is sufficient to alter the potential of electrodes immersed in the solution by 0.1-0.2 mV.28 The potentials are not greatly affected by traces of iodide or cyanide. Light of ordinary intensities does not have a marked effect on the potential of the electrodes, but exposure to direct sunlight should be avoided. 

In technological calculations the amounts of substance , in the basic set defined in the preceding section are often replaced by other composition variables such as the weights of substance w which are also extensive variables, or by intensive variables such as weight percent (wt. %), volume percent (vol %), or mole percent (mol %). A commonly used intensive composition variable in fundamental and applied research on mixed systems is the mole fraction x ... 

Mole percent (mol%) n. Mole fraction multiphed by 100. Goldberg DE (2003) Fundamentals of chemistry. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, New York. 

Mole percent (mol %) amount solute (in mol) X 100% total amount of solute and solvent (in mol) %... 

Also in common use is the mole percent (mol %), which is simply the mole fraction X 100 percent. 

Common units used to express solution concentration include molarity (M), molality (m), mole fraction (x), mole percent (mol %), percent (%) by mass or volume, parts per million (ppm) by mass or volume, and parts per billion (ppb) by mass or volume. These units are summarized in Table 12.5. 

Pressures can be specified at any level below the safe working pressure of the column. The condenser pressure will be set at 275.8 kPa (40 psia), and all pressure drops within the column will be neglected. The eqnihbrinm curve in Fig. 13-35 represents data at that pressure. AU heat leaks will be assumed to be zero. The feed composition is 40 mole percent of the more volatile component 1, and the feed rate is 0.126 (kg-mol)/s [1000 (lb-mol)/h] of saturated liquid (q = 1). The feed-stage location is fixed at stage 4 and the total number of stages at eight. 

The original column normally has less than 7 mol percent i-Cs in the overhead and less than 3 mole percent n-C4 in the bottoms product when operating at a distillate rate of D/F = 0.489. Can these product purities he produced on the smaller column at D/F = 0.489 ... 

A typical apphcatiou of a simple batch still might be distillation of an ethanol-water mixture at 101.3 kPa (1 atm). The initial charge is 100 mol of ethanol at 18 mole percent, aud the mixture must be reduced to a maximum ethanol concentration in the stiU of 6 mole percent. By using equilibrium data interpolated from Table 13-1,... 

To illustrate the use of these equations, consider a charge of 520 mol of an ethanol-water mixture containing 18 mole percent ethanol to be distilled at 101.3 kPa (1 atm). Vaporization rate is 75 moFh, and the product specification is 80 mole percent ethanol. Let L/V = 0.75, corresponding to a reflux ratio R = 3.0. If the system has seven theo-... 

Example 10 Calculation of Multicomponent Batch Distillation A charge of 45.4 kg mol (100 Ih-mol) of 25 mole percent heuzeue, 50 mole percent monochlorohenzene (MCB), and 25 mole percent orthodichloro-henzene (DCB) is to he distilled in a hatch still consisting of a rehoiler, a column containing 10 theoretical stages, a total condenser, a reflux drum, and a distillate accumulator. Condenser-reflux drum and tray holdups are 0.0056 and... 

From these results, 22.98 Ih-mol, or almost 23 percent of the charge, would he recycled for redistillation. AU three products are at least 98 mole percent pure. 

Similarly, from a plot of In (k/T) versus 1/T, the enthalpy of activation for each process may be obtained. This is also illustrated for the determination of the activation enthalpy for the propagation of degradation of a vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate (five mole percent)/4-vinylpyridine (0.1 mole percent) copolymer in figure 7. The slope of the plot of In (kp/T) versus 1/T (figure 7) is given by -AH /R and the enthalpy of activation, AH, for the propagation reaction is calculated to be equal to 27.92 kcal/mol. The activation parameters for both the initiation and propagation reactions are recorded in table 3. 

Figure 5. Electrolyte (150 meq CaClt) injected under DPL-DPC mixed films. Kinetic curves of AV increase AfAVj of mixed films of DPL containing the indicated mole percent concentration of acidic phospholipid, Na-DCP. Aqueous hypophase, pH 5.6, 25°C. The mixed films at 30 dun cm pressure were spread on distilled HtO the electrolyte then was injected beneath at time zero. The M V) values signifies the increase in AV of the DPL-DCP film on CaCU over the AV on distilled HtO. By the variance analysis, the rise of the first three curves (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol % DCP) over that for DPL alone was highly significant. The accuracy of the electrometer readings and the r determinations were 5 mV and 0.1 dyn/cm, respectively.

The final set of solvatochromic data are shown in Figure 6 for phenol blue in SF C02 doped with various amounts of the co-solvent or entrainer, methanol. Consider a pressure of 100 bar where the Et of phenol blue in C02 is 54 kcal/mol. The red shift is increased more by the addition of 3.5 mole percent methanol at constant pressure than by an increase in the pressure of pure C02 of over 200 bar. The large specific "solvent strength" of methanol causes this behavior. The red shift caused by the co-solvent is in... 

The gas stream from a sulfur burner consists of 15 mole percent S02, 20 mole percent 02, and 65 mole percent N2. The gas stream at atmospheric pressure and 480°C enters a catalytic converter where 90 percent of the S02 is further oxidized to SO,. On the basis of 1 mol of gas entering, how much heat must be removed from the converter so that the product gases leave at 480°C ... 

A design for purifying helium consists of an adiabatic process that splits a helium stream containing 30-mole-percent methane into two product streams, one containing 97-mole-percent helium and the other 90-mole-percent methane. The feed enters at 10 bar and 117 C the methane-rich product leaves at 1 bar and 27 C the helium-rich product leaves at 50°C and IS bar. Moreover, wort is produced by the process. Assuming helium an ideal gas with CP = (5/2)1 and methane an ideal gas with CP = (9/2)/ , calculate the total entropy change of the process on the basis of 1 mol of feed to confirm that the process does not violate the second law. 

If the reactants are supplied in the ratio, 2 mol steam to 1 mol CH4, and if heat is supplied to the reactor so that the products reach a temperature of 1,300 K, the CH4 is completely converted and the product stream contains 17.4 mole percent CO. Assuming the reactants to be preheated to 600 K, calculate the heat requirement for the reactor. 

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