Mixing, post-treatment processes

A liquid-handling robot was customized for both sol-gel [46] and evaporative wafer-based syntheses [44]. The appropriate precursors are mixed from stock solutions into micro-titer plates and then volumetrically transferred to the support wafers. Key variables in these syntheses are the drying environment and drying temperature and post treatments. The liquid or gel is dried under controlled conditions and then thermally processed in a tube furnace exposed to desired process gases. After synthesis is complete, the wafers are analyzed by XRD, SEM, and XRF to monitor structural phases, morphologies, and compositions respectively. 

Toward the end of the water treatement process to minimize THM formation and provide secondary disinfection Prior to the rapid mixing step in all treatment processes, except GAC and conventional treatment processes prior to fdtration for GAC post-sedimentation for conventional treatment. In addition, sufficient time for biodegradation of the oxidation products of the ozonation of organic compounds is recommended prior to secondary disinfection. Toward the end of the water treatment process to minimize presence of other contaminants that interfere with this disinfectant. 

The capital cost of POX can be high because of the need for post treatment of the raw syngas to remove carbon and acid gases. There are also issues of coke and soot formation if the oxidation temperature becomes too low or the mixing of the feed components is incomplete. The addition of steam to the process allows for greater flame temperature control and suppression of carbon however, the hydrogen production efficiency is reduced due to more fuel being consumed in the combustion... 

A batch processing vessel in which several process steps, for example mixing, ag omeration, post-treatment, and finishing, are carried out without opening the vessel during the entire processing sequence. 

Fig. 6.7-45 Diagram of the manufacturing process of (hollow) building blocks made from lime and sand. 1, lime ball mill 2, elevator 3, wind sifter 4, 9, 11, silos 5, metering bucket 6, screw conveyor 7, sand feed 8, screen 10, batch mixing and hydration drum 12, proportioning 13, elevator 14, stone press 15, block cart 16, transfer platform 17, post-treatment (hardening) chambers 18, steam production Fig. 6.7-46 Sketch of a manual pusher furnace [B.28, B.97j...

Recently, a new method for the preparation of active layers of polymeric solar cells without the need for thermal post-treatment to obtain optimal performance was presented by Berson et al. [263]. P3HT nanofibers were obtained in highly concentrated solutions, which enabled the fabrication of nanostructured films on various substrates. By mixing the nanofibers with a molecular acceptor such as PCBM in solution, it was possible to obtain in a simple process a highly efficient active layer for organic solar cells with a demonstrated PCE of up to 3.6%, which was achieved with an optimum composition of 75 wt% nanofibers and 25 wt% P3HT. 

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