Missionaries

The oldest effective drug for the treatment of this disease is indisputably quinine. Although the antipyretic activity of cinchona bark was known to the Incas, it remained for the Jesuit missionaries to uncover its antimalarial properties in the early seventeenth century. The advance of organic chemistry led to the isolation and identification of the alkaloid, quinine, as the active compound at the turn of this century. The emerging clinical importance of this drug led up to the establishment of cinchona plantations in the Dutch East Indies. This very circum-... 

For many, a substantial part of life is spent in preparing for what may come next. Some elect to pass their lives in service to their God as ministers, priests, rabbis, imams, or missionaries. Others may attend church, prayer meetings, serve as church elders or members of rehgious lay organizations, read their holy book, and serve... 

The next day was spent relaxing, catching up on insect and plant collecting, washing clothes, and chatting with the priest and brother in residence, who were both part of an austere Franciscan order that did missionary work. Through them we put out the word that we were interested in people who knew things about medicinal plants. 

Silk was first developed as early as 6000 b.c. The Chinese Empress, Xi Ling-Shi, developed the process of retrieving silk filaments by floating the cocoons on warm water. This process and the silkworm itself were monopolized by China until about a.d. 550 when two missionaries smuggled silkworm eggs and mulbetty seeds from China to Constantinople (Istanbul). First reserved for use by the Emperors of China, it eventually spread to the Middle East, Europe, and North America until now when its use is worldwide. The history of silk and the silk trade is interesting and can be obtained at http / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk. 

The second exception occurs when solid is converted by the action of heat, and without needing contact with gas. Baking bread, boiling missionaries, and... 

In 1653 Pere Francesco G. Bressani, a Jesuit missionary to New France, stated in his report that There is a Copper ore, which is very pure, and which has no need of passing through the fire but it is in places far distant and hard to reach.. .. I have seen it in the hands of the Barbarians, but no one has visited the place. . (161). 

Father Joseph de la Roche, Recollet Daillon, a French Jesuit missionary, visited some oil springs near Lake Erie in 1627 (18). The Jesuit Relation of 1656-57, which was edited by Paul le Jeune and published in Paris in 1658, states that As one approaches nearer to the country of the Cats (Eries), one finds heavy and thick water, which ignites like brandy, and boils up in bubbles of flame when fire is applied to it. It is, moreover, so oily that all our Savages use it to anoint and... 

Robert Boyle stated in 1661, in his Sceptical Chymist, drat sal ammoniac is composed of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid and the volatile alkali (ammonia) and told how to separate the urinous and common salts (27). In 1716 Geoffroy the Younger demonstrated the composition of sal ammoniac and prepared it by sublimation (28, 29). In the same year, the Jesuit missionary Father Sicard described its preparation at Dam ire or Damayer, one mile from die City of El Mansura in the Nile Delta. In twenty-five large laboratories and several smaller ones, it was sublimed in glass vessels from die soot of die burned dung of camels and cows, to which, he said, had been added salt and urine. Lemere, the French consul at Cairo, described die process in 1719 for the Academy of Sciences in Paris, but made no mention of salt or urine (29, 30, 31). 

In 1772, however, the Swedish merchant Johan Abraham Grill (Abrahamsson) described in volume thirty-four of Vetenskapsacademi-ens Handlingar a natural borax called pounxa sent him from Thibet by Jos. Vit. Kuo, a native Chinese Catholic missionary. From the report of my correspondent Vit. Kuo, said he, it can be inferred that the pounxa is found in Thibet, that to obtain it one digs into the ground to the depth of two yards . .. it positively cannot be made artificially by heating the earth it is found already prepared by nature (61). 

The 16th century onwards saw the countries of Europe develop widespread political and commercial interests in the rest of the world and the European colonists and missionaries took with them their common crops which came to include potatoes (Burton, 1989). By the late... 

Thai and Burmese began to be printed in their indigenous scripts in the second half of the nineteenth century, largely again through the mediation of Christian missionaries. When newspapers followed in the twentieth century they had the standardising effect on nationalism... 

Following Raffles initial publication of the English translation, the subsequent printing in the original Malay of this text hitherto known only to scholars was also under British auspices. Munshi Abdullah, the Malay tutor of British missionaries, edited the text which was published by the Singapore Institution in 1842. As Malay schooling was subsequently developed in British-ruled and British-protected areas on the Peninsula, the Malay Annals were frequently reprinted for use in schools. 

The missionaries initially hoped that their printed Bible would unite the Bataks as Luther s had the Germans, despite the mutual unintelligibility of some Batak languages. This succeeded, however, only for those we now call Toba Batak, to the west and south of Lake Toba in North Tapanuli. Distinct Simalungun and Karo Batak identities were determined by a very different language (in the Karo case), and by the... 

Those we now call Karo or Karo Batak were declared an objective of Dutch missionary work for political reasons, because of their proximity to the Muslim and anti-Dutch Acehnese (Kipp 1990). The expansion of the Rhenisch mission in that direction was therefore not encouraged by colonial authority, the work being entrusted to the Dutch Missionary Society (NZG). Karos appear to have accepted the broad exonym Batak in the nineteenth century, but the Dutch mission favoured a distinctive term, to reflect the very different language in which they preached, to cater to Karo sensitivity to Toba domination, and to emphasise that the German mission should keep out of its sphere (Kipp 1993 28-38 Steedly 1996). 

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