Minor element distribution

Simkin T. and Smith I V. (1970). Minor element distribution in olivine. J. Geol, 78 304-325. 

Minor Element Distribution in Cool Samples of the Interior Coal Province... 

However, the author believes that the metals in the weathered samples are held in ion exchange positions or as simple salts of the organic matter rather than by chelation, and that the accumulation of these abnormally large amounts of most of the elements was synchronous with the weathing process. Data from these samples suggest that basing minor element distribution in carbonaceous rocks on data from weathering samples could lead to erroneous interpretation. 

Sarrot-Reynauld, J., Rochat, J. and Dazy, J., 1981. Repartition des elements traces dans les eaux thermominerales. (Minor-element distribution in mineral and thermal waters.) In W. Back and R. Letolle (Guest-Editors), Symposium of Geochemistry of Ground-water — 26th International Geological Congress. J. Hydrol., 54 33—50. 

The minor element distribution in metamorphic minerals may be very different from that found in the same minerals occurring in igneous rocks. This was proved for pyroxenes in Canada by Moxham [1960], the abnormally low concentration of trace elements being relatable to the parent sediments of the metamorphic rocks, in this case the Grenville sediments. 

Moxham, R. L., 1960. Minor element distribution in some metamorphic pyroxenes. Can. Mineralogist 6 522. 

Minor elements contribute >1 wt % to the ash trace elements contribute <0.1 wt %. The degree of de-ashing achievable by physical cleaning depends on the distribution of mineral matter in the coal. In some cases, a considerable amount of the mineral matter can be removed in other cases, especially where the mineral matter is distributed throughout the coal as microscopic particles, deashing by physical cleaning is not practical. 

The concentrations of the minor elements are given in Table 10-7. There is at least one oceanographically consistent profile for most of the elements. Refer to Quinby-Hunt and Turekian (1983) for references and representative profiles for individual elements. The main mechanisms that control the distribution of minor elements are given in Table 10-8. 

Bethke, P.M. and Barton, P.B. Jr. (1971) Distribution of some minor elements between coexisting sulfide minerals. Econ. Geol, 66, 140-161. 

Singh B., Gilkes R.J. Properties and distribution of iron oxides and their association with minor elements in the soils of south-western Australia. J Soil Sci 1992 43 77-98. 

Riley, J.P. and D.A. Segar. 1970. The distribution of the major and some minor elements in marine animals. I. Echinoderms and coelenterates. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 50 721-730. 

Singh, B. Gilkes, R.J. (1992) Properties and distribution ofiron oxides and their assodation with minor elements in the soils of southwestern Australia. J. Soil Sd. 43 77-98... 

We have operated the University of Washington MKV impactor as a low-pressure impactor to provide for chemical analysis, four discretely sized fly-ash fractions in the sub-half-micrometer- diameter aerosol accumulation region. Instrumental neutron activation analysis provided the sensitivity to determine accurately the concentrations of 28 major, minor, and trace elements with sufficient precision to reveal fine structure in the elemental distributions that might be missed by techniques of lesser accuracy and precision. 

Simultaneously with the efforts to determine the origin of mineral matter in coal, systematic efforts were underway to estimate the quantitative distribution of trace and minor elements in American coals. The early analyses were performed on high-temperature ashes, and as a consequence, the investigators had to be content with determining the nonvolatile metallic oxides. However, with the advent of the low temperature asher and improvisations and advances in wet chemical, radiochemical, and instrumental analytical techniques, we not only can analyze nondecomposed mineral matter but also can study the composition of whole coal. 

Horton, L., Aubrey, K. V., The Distribution of Minor Elements in Vitrain ... 

Physicochemical Properties of Certain Minor Elements as Controlling Factors in their Distribution in Coal... 

Distribution of the elements in coal beds of four areas is shown in Figures 2-8. Reading from left to right, the first column shows the minor element... 

The PLS model was computed according to the algorithm described in detail in Section 5.7.2. It consists of one f-vector verified by means of cross-validation. The prediction errors for the model of the element distribution coefficients described by the 15 major and minor water components investigated are illustrated in Tab. 8-16. 

If sediment was collected from a particular waterway, the distribution of the element of interest between different components of the sediment was found to vary with the degree of exposure to air and the temperature of any drying stages (Rapin et al., 1986 Kersten and Foerstner, 1986). The minor elements present in sediments (and soils) are not uniformly distributed. Part can be present as mineral fragments derived from the original parent rock, while other parts can be associated with distinct component phases such as carbonate compounds, hydrous oxides of Fe, Al, Mn and organic matter. Some fractions are loosely sorbed on particle surfaces or are held on ion exchange sites. 

The distribution of an element in biological samples collected from an ecosystem can be equally complex. In plants, for example, the distribution of minor elements or particular species is not uniform throughout the whole organism, i.e. leaf material values differ from those derived from ribs, stems, roots and fruit. For speciation, sub-sectioning of the semi-rigid matrix may thus have to precede isolation of the component of interest. 

Zubovic, P. Sheffey, N. B. Stadnichenko, T. "Distribution of Minor Elements in Some Coals in the Western and Southwestern Regions of the Interior Coal Province," U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1117-D, 1967. 

The technique of channeling-enhanced X-ray emission (CHEXE) has enabled cation site occupancies to be determined in various minerals, including transition metal ions in spinels and ferromagnesian silicates (Taftp, 1982 Taftp and Spence, 1982 Smyth and Taftp, 1982 McCormick etal., 1987). The method, which is based on relative intensities of X-ray peaks measured on crystals with diameters as small as 50 nm under the electron microscope, is particularly useful for determining site occupancies of minor elements with concentrations as low as 0.05 atom per cent in a structure. The most important criterion for the determination of element distribution in a mineral by this technique is that the cation sites should lie on alternating crystallographic planes. In order to make quantitative site population estimates, additional information is required, particularly the occupancy of at least one element in one of the sites or in another site that lines up with one of the sites of interest (McCormick et al., 1987). For example, cation site occupancies by CHEXE measurements have been determined from X-ray peak intensity ratios of Si to Ni, Mn, Cr and Fe in forsterite, as well as thermal disordering of these cations in heated olivines (Smyth and Taftp, 1982). 

Annersten, H. Eckstrom, T. (1971) Distribution of major and minor elements in coexisting minerals from a metamorphosed iron formation. Lithos, 4,185-204. 

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