Minimum Resolvable Temperature measurement

The temperature dependence of cr is determined by the exponential temperature dependence of D. Ra decreases with increasing concentration of the supporting electrolyte and with increasing temperature. Ret decreases with temperature, and has a minimum value at Ef. It follows that carrying out measurements for a range of potentials, temperatures and electrolyte concentrations helps to achieve an adequate analysis of the EIS results by resolving some ambiguities. 

Deviations of atomic volumes do not indicate directly that a defective protein exists because deviations in atomic volumes can be attributed to other physical phenomena. It is for this reason that the authors of PROVE correlated the atom volume deviations with crystallographic qualities of the protein X-ray structure including the resolution (lowest resolvable separation between two carbon atoms), the R-factor (measure of how well the refined structure agrees with the experimental model/electron density maps/raw data), and B-factors (isotropic temperature factor).A test set of 900 protein structures was constructed, each containing a minimum of 100 buried atoms. The resolution of the protein structures ranged from 1.0 to 3.9 A. The authors found that for high-resolution structures (1.0 to 1.6 A), the average Zrmsd was approximately 1.0. When poorer quality crystal structures were considered, the Zrmsd increased. The correlation coefficient for a plot of Zrmsd versus experimental resolution was 0.89 for all protein structures in the test set... 

The conventional, and very convenient, index to describe the random motion associated with thermal processes is the correlation time, r. This index measures the time scale over which noticeable motion occurs. In the limit of fast motion, i.e., short correlation times, such as occur in normal motionally averaged liquids, the well known theory of Bloembergen, Purcell and Pound (BPP) allows calculation of the correlation time when a minimum is observed in a plot of relaxation time (inverse) temperature. However, the motions relevant to the region of a glass-to-rubber transition are definitely not of the fast or motionally averaged variety, so that BPP-type theories are not applicable. Recently, Lee and Tang developed an analytical theory for the slow orientational dynamic behavior of anisotropic ESR hyperfine and fine-structure centers. The theory holds for slow correlation times and is therefore applicable to the onset of polymer chain motions. Lee s theory was generalized to enable calculation of slow motion orientational correlation times from resolved NMR quadrupole spectra, as reported by Lee and Shet and it has now been expressed in terms of resolved NMR chemical shift anisotropy. It is this latter formulation of Lee s theory that shall be used to analyze our experimental results in what follows. The results of the theory are summarized below for the case of axially symmetric chemical shift anisotropy. 

Of course, the objective is to resolve the solutes, not merely separate them, and Figure 4.10 tells us nothing about the degree of peak resolution that can be expected. The resolution will depend on the carrier-gas flow and the colunm physical parameters because the peak widths and thus the theoretical plate height influence the observed resolution. In order to characterize peak resolution across a range of column temperatures, we must either perform a series of experiments and measure resolution directly, consbuct an empirical mathematical model by fitting curves to a smaller dataset, or find a model that encompasses the additional variables and requires a minimum amount of experimental data. 

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