Miniature electrochemical cells, biosensor

At a higher level of miniaturisation, work has been directed at constructing miniature electrochemical cells for biosensor applications (20). Chemical field effect transistors (CHEMFETs) and ion selective field effect translators (ISFETs) have received a high level of research interest for almost a decade ( but with little tangible results in terms of commercially available systems. Some recent research has been directed at integration of the sensor and control electronics into a discrete, disposable device (21). Although further development is still required, the... 

Challenges facing the development of in vitro amperometric biosensors (interference rejection, rapid response, reproducibility, response range) have been met in many cases, and commercially available devices based on disposable test strips that incorporate miniature two-or three-electrode electrochemical cells are available for a variety of analytes (see Sect. 10.3.7). Thin-fihn and thick-film technology [80] have been used to mass-produce reproducible sensing elements, and amperometric detection in oxidase-based devices occurs by peroxide oxidation or the oxidation of freely diffusing mediators such as ferricyanide and ferrocene derivatives. The screen-printing process for disposable sensor preparation has also been reviewed [144]. 

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