Minerals chemical analysis

Mineral and Chemical Composition. X-ray diffraction is used to determine the mineral composition of an Mg(OH)2 sample. Induced coupled plasma (icp) spectrophotometry is used to measure the atomic concentrations present in a sample. X-ray fluorescence analysis is another comparative instmmental method of determining chemical composition. 

A book describing the development of chemistry in Britain over the period 1760-1820 in relation to the contemporary social context makes repeated reference to analytical chemistry. One of the themes developed is that chemistry in general, and analytical chemistry in particular, was seen as a means to social improvement through its applications in agricultural chemistry and mineral analysis. The availability and relative simplicity of much of the apparatus (e.g. the portable laboratories referred to earlier) meant that the appropriate analyses could be widely performed. Chemical analysis also held out the prospect of advances in medicine by applying both simple techniques and the latest technology, especially the voltaic pile, to attempts to analyse body fluids.335... 

Layer charges can be calculated from mineral and chemical composition. Mineral composition can be determined by the comparison of x-ray diffraction and thermal analytical and surface area studies. Chemical composition is determined by a total chemical analysis of the sample. In the classical method, chemical analysis is made after acidic dissolution (Ross and Hendricks 1945). Nowadays, nondestructive analytical methods (e.g., electron microscopy, prompt gamma activation analysis, etc.) are also applied. Chemical composition is usually given as oxides (e.g., Si02, A1203, etc.). The cations are divided into three groups ... 

The chemical compositions of oil shales and oil shale kerogen have been studied extensively (20). However, little work has been done to integrate chemical composition data in order to aid in the selection of suitable extracting processes. In this study, five analysis methods were used to chemically characterize the samples. These methods included Rock-Eval analysis, Fischer analysis, Xi C NMR, Ultimate analysis, and X-ray diffraction mineral analysis. 

Most other metals present in pharmaceuticals are present in sufficient concentrations that high sensitivity is not imperative and they may therefore be determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. These products are extremely variable in composition but nonetheless yield easily to this type of analysis, which is generally unaffected by compounding agents such as binders or expanders. Thus, the elements Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Mo are among those determinable by flame (51-53) and, recently, furnace (54) atomic absorption in multivitamin-mineral tablets. Chemical interactions between some metals dictate the use of an internal standard when several elements are present simultaneously. It should be noted here that a spark emission or ICP spectrometer equipped with an appropriate polychromator would have the advantage of simultaneous and therefore more rapid analysis in these multielemental products. These techniques have probably not been fully utilized in this regard. 

All analyses were performed by the Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Engelhard Industries Division, Engelhard Minerals and Chemicals Corp., Newark, N. J. 

J. W. Stucki and W. L, Banwart, Advanced Chemical Methods for Soil and Clay Minerals Research. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 1980. J. J. Fripiat, Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982. 

Finally, microscopical examination alone may not provide sufficient answers to the questions of clinker microstructure or a cement s inferior performance. Cement particle size distribution, variations in crystal chemistry, mineral and chemical admixtures, as well as the effectiveness of the set-controlling material (normally gypsum or similar minerals), may have stronger effects on cement hydration than the clinker production problems inferred by routine microscopy. Some clinker and cement problems, however, are simple and easily solved others require the analysis of a tangled set of multiple causes and effects. Microscopy should be one of the first steps in that analysis. 

The development and extension of QPA were facilitated by obtaining a large number of standard diffraction patterns of minerals and chemical compounds, thanks to the development of the powder camera by Debye and Scherrer (1916, 1917). Nevertheless, the take-off of phase quantification started in the late 1940s with the design and industrial manufacture of powder diffractometers and the formulation of a theoretical basis for quantitative analysis by Klug and Alexander in 1948. 

We have already discussed the history of discovery of two natural radioactive elements, that is, uranium and thorium, in Chapter 4. These elements can fairly easily be found in minerals with chemical analysis since their content is sufficiently high. Other natural radioactive elements (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are among the least abundant elements on Earth. Moreover, they exist in nature only because they are the products of radioactive transformations of uranium and thorium. 

We took the rock samples from the drilling core of deep monitoring profile (II-IT) and rock under ground surface within 5 m depth in Baitupo (Fig. 2). By means of X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) spectral analysis, microscopic and rock mechanics test, we got the mineral composition, chemical elements, microstructure and mechanical strength of all rock samples. Then, the paper analyze the relationship between the rock mechanics indexes and mineral composition. 

Civjan, S. A., LaFave, J. M., Lovett, D., Sund, D. J., and Try-bulski, "Performance Evaluation and Economic Analysis of Combinations of Durability Enhancing Admixtures (Mineral and Chemical) in Structural Concrete for the Northeast U.S.A., NETCR36 Project No. 97-2, The New England Transportation Consortium, February 2003. 

The analytical approach followed two routes. The first was a microscopic study including the use of scanning electron microscopy. By such means, the aggregates were analyzed for their size, shape and mineral composition, and the binder was assessed for its microstiucture, chemical composition, and the mineral composition of relict clinker phases. The second approach was based on the separation of the aggregate from the binder followed by chemical and mineral analysis of the binder and sieve fractioning of the aggregate. 

For the application of spectroscopic methods for the identification and structure determination of polynuclear hydrocarbons see (29), and for the application of correlation analysis (chemical shifts of protons) for the identification of polyacetylnaphthalenes in mineral oil see (30). 

---