At a Military Installation

Chemical warfare agents that had been manufactured in the 1950s were being stored at a military installation. Several civilian workers at the facility began to feel unwell, with symptoms that included dyspnea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. They also had copious nasal and tracheobronchial secretions. Which type of toxic compound is most likely to be the cause of these effects ... 

Human exposure to plague on military installations may occur when pets bring home infected rodents, their fleas, or both at recreation areas with sick or dead rodents and their infected fleas or at field training and bivouac sites. The consequences of plague at a military installation include human... 

Between November 1999 and November 2000, the EDS Phase 1 (EDS -1) was tested at a military installation at Porton Down in the United Kingdom. In early 2001, it was used in an emergency action to dispose of six bomblets containing the nerve agent sarin at Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) in Colorado. Subsequently, four more bomblets were discovered during remediation of the same area at RMA. At this writing, the EDS-1 had been dispatched to dispose of these also. As a result of the success of these operations, the decision was made to discontinue development of the MMD, another mobile system that used the same process chemistry as the EDS to destroy chemical agent but that was both more complex and less versatile than the EDS. 

Tetryl has been found in soil and water at some military installations, such as Army ammunition plants, and in underground water at one site located near a military installation. See Chapter 5 for more information on exposure to tetryl. 

A handful of instances in which an individual ate CS are known. In all but two cases, children were the victims. Typically, they were playing in an old impact area on a military installation and came across some shells containing a powdery substance, which they ate. One adult ingestion was an attempt at suicide by an otherwise healthy young man the other was an individual who ate a CS pellet (820 mg) after a friend told him it was a vitamin pill.18... 

At 5 15 on the morning of September 1, 1939, mist clung to the little Polish village of Puck, on the shoulder of the Hel Peninsula, northeast feature of the Polish Corridor. A few miles to the south, the Free City of Danzig was restless from recent Nazi demands. The fishermen and shopkeepers of Puck slept well. There were no military installations near-by, and their village was only a small fishing port where an invasion by sea could not be made. 

The studies presented here are a history of strategies developed toward the beneficiation of soil and groundwater contamination from fuel and solvent intrusion at military installations [2] however, the problem is by no means only a military one. 

Tetryl is a synthetic substance that was used to make explosives, mostly during World War I and World War II. It is no longer manufactured or used in the United States. The chemical name for tetryl is N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline. Other commonly used names are 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, nitramine, tetralite, and tetril. Stocks of tetryl are found in storage at military installations and are being destroyed by the Department of Defense. Tetryl was frequently manufactured as pellets or powder. Under certain manufacturing conditions, it could exist in the air as a dust. Tetryl is a yellow, crystal-like solid at room temperature. It dissolves slightly in... 

Several military bases contaminated with chemical-warfare agents as a result of storage and past disposal practices are slated to be closed pursuant to the Base Realignment and Closure Act. Before those military bases can be transferred to civilian use, contaminated soil and water must be cleaned to levels that are considered safe. To help make decisions on restoration required at contaminated sites and on the potential uses of the former military installations (e.g., for housing, occupational, or wildlife purposes), the U.S. Army developed interim chronic oral reference doses and, where appropriate, oral slope factors for six chemical-warfare agents that are likely to be encountered at contaminated sites. Similar information for inhalation exposure is under development. 

Figure 5.77 shows the wind potential for Denmark, on land and inland seas. The off-shore potential has been estimated for a number of reserved locations, shown in Fig. 5.78. These have been selected as suitable for wind turbine parks without disturbing fishery activities, boat routes for passengers and freight, military exercise areas, etc. The total exploitable wind power is given in Fig. 5.78 for each reserved area. It by far exceeds the envisaged 2050 electricity use. In several of the areas, wind power production has already been initiated, albeit at a total level substantially lower than that of the 2050 scenario. The year 2003 installed capacity is about 3.3 GW.

A recent U.S. Army study (performed by Battelle) identified, described, and evaluated technologies to facilitate remediation of oversize ex-plosives-contaminated debris. During composting of explosives-contaminated soil at military installations, such debris interferes with the operation of the flail-type windrow equipment used to turn and aerate the composting soil. The study examined size reduction and return of the crushed debris to the compost pile and removal of the contaminants from the debris followed by disposal of the cleaned debris. If the debris is to be returned to the compost pile, the particle size must be less than V2-inch diameter. For removal, the explosives contaminants level must be reduced to below 30 mg/kg. 

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