Microbiological water analysis

The main risk is from drinking infected drinking water. For this reason drinking water must be free from pathogens. 

Three measures are necessary in order to fulfil this basic requirement  

Hygienically safe collecting, transporting, storing and distribution of the water to the consumers. 

Protecting the ground water in the tapping zone and catchment area from 

Where the untreated water is infected, measures must be taken at the purification stage to eliminate the germs, e.g. by the use of filters 

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Fresenius, W., K.E. Quentin, and W. Schneider. 1988. Water Analysis A Practical Guide to Physicochemical and Microbiological Water Examination and Quality Assurance. Springer, Germany. 

To be able to use the available water, man must test it. He must ascertain whether it can be used for the intended purpose or whether he must switch to another source of water. The simplest form of water analysis is local inspection and sensory examination. Modern methods of water analysis employ complex chemical and physico-chemical separation and determination techniques, in which readings are supplied by measuring instruments working on a variety of measuring principles, as well as microbiological techniques. Electronic data processing systems are used to evaluate the results of the... 

This GTZ publication, Water Analysis (A Practical Guide to Physico-Chemical, Chemical and Microbiological Water Examination and Quality Assurance) , belongs to the wide range of publications for the water sector within the scope of the International Decade for Drinldng... 

See also Bioluminescence. Chemiluminescence Overview. Enzymes Enzyme-Based Assays. Microbiological Techniques. Water Analysis Biochemical Oxygen Demand. 

See also Water Analysis Ovewiew Freshwater Sewage Organic Compounds Chemical Oxygen Demand Microbiological. 

See also Extraction Solid-Phase Extraction. Water Analysis Overview Freshwater Microbiological. 

Microbiological contamination, mainly due to fecal contamination, is the main cause of illness or infection associated with swimming pool water. Acceptable microbiological water quality is maintained, in particular, by good hygiene practices, efficient filtration, and disinfection. An exhaustive analysis of risks and preventive measures in recreational water environments is provided in Ref. [1]. 

A typical microbiological analysis in a troubled carbon-steel service water system is given in Table 6.2. Table 6.3 shows a similar analysis for a cupronickel utility main condenser that showed no significant corrosion associated with sulfate reducers. When biological counts of sulfate reducers in solid materials scraped from corroded surfaces are more than about 10, significant attack is possible. Counts above 10 are common only in severely attacked systems. 

TABLE 6.2 Typical Microbiological Analysis In a Service Water System Pipe Experiencing Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ... 

Clostridia frequently are found where sulfate-reducing bacteria are present, often in high numbers inside tubercles. A typical microbiological analysis of tubercular material removed from a troubled service water system main is given in Table 6.4. Clostridia counts above 10 /g of material are high enough to cause concern. When acid producers... 

Several common methods for the detection of these compounds in environmental media have been proposed such as microbiological assay and conventional chromatographic methods. However, only one example of the application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of environmental samples has been reported [84]. In this case, erythromycin could be measured at concentrations higher than 10 pg L 1 using the Charm II6600/7600 assay in water samples proximal to livestock farms. 

Problems related to microorganisms, sediment and water in fuels and fuel systems can develop for a variety of reasons. TABLE 4-10 describes a typical microbiological analysis in a service water system. Sources include ... 

Pellizzari, E. D., L. W. Little, C. Sparacino, and T. J. Hughes, Integrating Microbiological and Chemical Testing into the Screening of Air Samples for Potential Mutagenicity, in Application of Short-Term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures (M. D. Waters, S. Nesnow, J. L. Huisingh, S. Sandhu, and L. Claxton, Eds.), pp. 331-351, Plenum, New York, 1979. 

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