Micro artifacts

Many micro-organisms produce nonlinear survivor curves, such as 1-B in Figure 1. The cause of nonlinear survivor curves has been explained by several theories, such as the multiple critical sites theory [9], experimental artifacts [10], and the heterogeneity of spore heat resistance [11]. Mathematical models for concave survivor curves have been developed by Han et al. [12], They are quite... 

Correction of dispersive line shape artifact observed in diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy and absorption/reflection (transflection) infrared micro-spectroscopy. Vib. Spectrosc., 38, 129-32. 

For a silicon zoo containing artifacts lurking in electronic constructions, see for instance the Molecular Expressions website http //micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/. 

In general, the available indentation techniques are based either on scanning force microscopy (SFM) or on dedicated indentation setups providing well-defined tip geometries. The two approaches are described in Sections 8.2.1 and 8.2.2, respectively. Issues related to potential artifacts in IP characterization are discussed in Section 8.3. Finally, examples of epoxy IP characterization by means of SFM-based stiffness mapping as well as depth-sensing micro-indentation (DSI) are given in Sections 8.4.1 and 8.4.2, respectively. 

It is appropriate to discuss the potential imaging effects, or artifacts, in specimen preparation. For this discussion, the term artifacts will be reserved for those textures that are an effect of the preparation method and are incorrectly attributed to the specimen. The polymer micro-scopist has to deal with such preparation effects daily and, thus, should be fully aware of both the causes of such effects and the appearance of the resulting structures. How can the microscopist know when the structures observed are an... 

The first section is thus divided into two main parts diffraction techniques and their applications, followed by imaging techniques (transmission electron micro-scropy, TEM) and their applications. In both the emphasis is systematically on the possible artifacts and the necessary remedies. ... 

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