2-Methyl-2-butene, carbon

Nickel-catalyzed stereospecific cyclocarbonylation of cWo-cyclopentadiene dimer 3 with ( )-l -chloro-2-butene, carbon monoxide and tetracarbonylnickel in acetone/water at room temperature gives a-methyl-3-oxotetracyclo[5.5.1.02,6.08,12]tridec-9-ene-4-aceticacid (4)in 10% yield51. An X-ray investigation of the acid reveals a selective cis-exo attack at the strained double bond, while the other double bond does not react. The exo dimer of cyclopentadiene gives a different product, thus there is no isomerization, in contrast to reactions under acidic conditions. 

Cj olefmic components find fewer applications than the C4 compounds. The main applications concern isoamylenes with a tertiary carbon atom, ix. essentially 2-methyl butenes, which produce isoprene by dehydrogenation and Ter Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) by etherification. The fust conversion is discussed in detail in Section 6. As for the second its value, like that of MTBE, is associated with the antiknock properties of TAME which make it an excellent octane promoter for gasolines. By cracking, the ether can even reproduce isoamylenes. This operation offers one means of separating 2-metbyl butenes and a method that is likely to be more economic than direct extraction to obtain isoprene. 

Butene, carbon dioxide, butanol methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, 112 and butyl methacrylate small quantities of methane, ethane, propane,... 

The pair of isomers designated as and trans 2 butene have the same constitution both have an unbranched carbon chain with a double bond connecting C 2 and C 3 They differ from each other however m that the cis isomer has both of its methyl groups on the same side of the double bond but the methyl groups m the trans isomer are on oppo site sides of the double bond Recall from Section 3 11 that isomers that have the same constitution but differ m the arrangement of their atoms m space are classified as stereoisomers as 2 Butene and trans 2 butene are stereoisomers and the terms as and trans specify the configuration of the double bond... 

Cis-trans stereoisomerism m alkenes is not possible when one of the doubly bonded carbons bears two identical substituents Thus neither 1 butene nor 2 methyl propene can have stereoisomers... 

Because the positive charge m an allylic carbocation is shared by two carbons there are two potential sites for attack by a nucleophile Thus hydrolysis of 3 chloro 3 methyl 1 butene gives a mixture of two allylic alcohols... 

When two different substituents are attached to each carbon atom of the double bond, cis-trans isomers can exist. In the case of c T-2-butene (Fig. 1.11a), both methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond. The other isomer has the methyl groups on opposite sides and is designated as rran5--2-butene (Fig. l.llb). Their physical properties are quite different. Geometric isomerism can also exist in ring systems examples were cited in the previous discussion on conformational isomers. 

MEK is a colorless, stable, flammable Hquid possessing the characteristic acetone-type odor of low molecular weight aUphatic ketones. MEK undergoes typical reactions of carbonyl groups with activated hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms, and condenses with a variety of reagents. Condensation of MEK with formaldehyde produces methylisopropenyl ketone (3-methyl-3-buten-2-one) ... 

Linear terminal olefins are the most reactive in conventional cobalt hydroformylation. Linear internal olefins react at less than one-third that rate. A single methyl branch at the olefinic carbon of a terminal olefin reduces its reaction rate by a factor of 10 (2). For rhodium hydroformylation, linear a-olefins are again the most reactive. For example, 1-butene is about 20—40 times as reactive as the 2-butenes (3) and about 100 times as reactive as isobutylene. 

Toluene reacts with carbon monoxide and butene-1 under pressure in the presence of hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride to give 4-methyl-j iYbutyrophenone which is reduced to the carbinol and dehydrated to the olefin. The latter is cycHzed and dehydrogenated over a special alumina-supported catalyst to give pure 2,6- dim ethyl n aph th a1 en e, free from isomers. It is also possible to isomerize various dim ethyl n aph th a1 en es to the... 

The lack of rotation around carbon-carbon double bonds is of more than just theoretical interest it also has chemical consequences. Imagine the situation for a disubstifitted alkene such as 2-butene. Disubstitilted means that two substituents other than hydrogen are bonded to the double-bond carbons.) The two methyl groups in 2-bulene can be either on the same side of the double bond or on opposite sides, a situation similar to that in disubstitutecl cycloalkanes (Section 4.2). 

A singlet precursor has, however, been proposed for 4,4,4-triohloro-2-methyl-1-butene (17) produced in the photolysis of isomesityl oxide (18) in carbon tetrachloride solution on the basis of its all-emission spectrum (DoMinh, 1971). There remains some ambiguity, however, about the detailed route by which 17 is formed. Moreover there is other evidence suggesting that ketone photolysis in carbon tetrachloride is different CI3C. CHaCiMe) CHa CH3. CO. CHa. C(Me) CHa... 

Most commercial polymers are substantially linear. They have a single chain of mers that forms the backbone of the molecule. Side-chains can occur and can have a major affect on physical properties. An elemental analysis of any polyolefin, (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(l-butene), etc.) gives the same empirical formula, CH2, and it is only the nature of the side-chains that distinguishes between the polyolefins. Polypropylene has methyl side-chains on every other carbon atom along the backbone. Side-chains at random locations are called branches. Branching and other polymer structures can be deduced using analytical techniques such as NMR. 

A. Nucleophilic Attack on Carbon. —(/) Activated Olefins. A study of triarylphosphine-catalysed dimerization of acrylonitrile to 2-methylene-glutaronitrile (26) and 1,4-dicyano-l-butene (27) has established a balance between phosphine nucleophilicity and protolytic strength of the solvent. The reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with triphenylphosphine in triethyl-silanol gave only 3-methylene-2,6-heptadienone (28). 

From the beginning of the 1970s unhl the mid 1980s, several examples of the telomerization of dienes with water [76, 77] or methanol [78, 79] to isomeric mixtures of dienols or dienol ethers catalyzed by palladium-phosphine complexes in the presence of carbon dioxide have been reported. Neither the yield nor the selectivity were very high. However, when allene was employed as a diene , 3-methyl-2-meth-ylene-3-buten-l-ol was obtained with fairly good selectivity (up to 98%) (Eq. 6.43) [78]. 

The complex OsHCl(CO)(P Pr3)2 reacts with 2-methyl-l-buten-3-yne to give the dienyl derivative Os ( )-CH=CHC(Me)=CH2 Cl(CO)(P,Pr3)235 in 86%, which is a result of the selective addition of the Os—H bond of the starting complex to the carbon-carbon triple bond of the enyne (Eq. 4). 

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