Methyl benzene = toluene

In an experiment to examine the combustion of various fuels, 10.1 g of benzene, C6H6 (molar mass 78.12 g-mol ) was mixed with 20.5 g of methyl-benzene (toluene), C6H5CH3 (molar mass 92.13 g-mol ). From the mass and molar mass of each substance, we find that the numbers of moles are 0.129 mol C6H6 and 0.223 mol C6H5CH3. Therefore, the mole fractions are... 

Using the previous information in this section, predicting the position that a second substituent group will take on a benzene ring is easy. For example, the nitration of methyl benzene (toluene) will produce ortho and para nitrotoluene as the main product because the methyl group is an ortho-para director. 

Ethylbenzene or Phenylethane, C2H.5.C H5 mw 106.16 colorless liq, resembling methyl-benzene (toluene), sp gr 0.867 at 20/4°, nD 1.4959 at 20°, fr p -95-0°, bp 136.2°, fl p 85°F (29-5°C) sp heat 0.41cal/g, viscosity 0.64 centipoise at 25° heat of combstn at Cy 108.9kcal/fnole, heat of vaporization 81.1cal at bp very si sol in w (0.01% at 15°) v sol in ale, eth, benz chlf insol in Amm hydroxide. It can be prepd by heating benzene and ethylene in presence of A1 chloride with subsequent distillation, or by fractionation directly from the mixed xylene stream in petroleum refining. Purification is by rectification. It is used in org synthesis, as solvent diluent and for prepn of explosive azidonitro-, dinitro-, trinitro- higher nitrated derivatives... 

Aromatics Originally meaning fragrant compounds, aromatics are now defined as Benzenes and those compounds which resemble benzene in their chemical behaviour . Simple aromatics contain only one aromatic ring and may be either mono-, di- or tri-substituted, for example, one, two or three hydrogen atoms in benzene can be substituted to form methyl benzene (toluene), dimethyl benzene (xylene) and trimethyl benzene respectively as in Figure 6.2. Aromatic... 

I) 5.0 g of polystyrene was dissolved in exactly 200 cm methyl benzene (toluene) and its osmotic pressure measured (against pure methyl benzene) as 0.0175 atm at 25°C. Calculate the average molecular mass ofthe polystyrene polymer. 

II) Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of methyl benzene (toluene), CyHg) ), given that AHf" (methyl benzene) = -l-12.0kjmol h (For other data, useTable 13.2.)... 

Methylcyclohexane Methyl benzene Toluene Chlorobenzene Phenyl Chloride... 

The anhydrous compound is not appreciably hygroscopic, is readily soluble in acetone and amyl alcohol, and insoluble in benzene, toluene, xylene and chloroform it is also readily soluble in absolute methyl or ethyl alcohol, but a trace of water causes immediate hydrolysis with the formation of an opalescent precipitate. 

Examine the molecu lar models of toluene and (trifluro methyl)benzene on Learning By Modeling In which mole cule IS the electrostatic po tential of the ring most negative How should this affect the rate of nitration ... 

Polymethylbenzenes (PMBs) are aromatic compounds that contain a benzene ring and three to sis methyl group substituents (for the lower homologues see Benzene Toluene Xylenes and ethylbenzene). Included are the trimethylbenzenes, (mesit iene (1), pseudocumene (2), and hernimeUitene (3)),... 

The PMBs, when treated with electrophilic reagents, show much higher reaction rates than the five lower molecular weight homologues (benzene, toluene, (9-, m- and -xylene), because the benzene nucleus is highly activated by the attached methyl groups (Table 2). The PMBs have reaction rates for electrophilic substitution ranging from 7.6 times faster (sulfonylation of durene) to ca 607,000 times faster (nuclear chlorination of durene) than benzene. With rare exception, the PMBs react faster than toluene and the three isomeric dimethylbenzenes (xylenes). 

The equihbrium shown in equation 3 normally ties far to the left. Usually the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation with excess alcohol or a suitable azeotroping solvent such as benzene, toluene, or various petroleum distillate fractions. The procedure used depends on the specific ester desired. Preparation of methyl borate and ethyl borate is compHcated by the formation of low boiling azeotropes (Table 1) which are the lowest boiling constituents in these systems. Consequently, the ester—alcohol azeotrope must be prepared and then separated in another step. Some of the methods that have been used to separate methyl borate from the azeotrope are extraction with sulfuric acid and distillation of the enriched phase (18), treatment with calcium chloride or lithium chloride (19,20), washing with a hydrocarbon and distillation (21), fractional distillation at 709 kPa (7 atmospheres) (22), and addition of a third component that will form a low boiling methanol azeotrope (23). 

Nitrophenyl isocyanate has been prepared by heating -nitrophenyl carbamyl chloride. The latter has been obtained by the action of phosgene on -nitroaniline in benzene-toluene solutions, and by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on methyl jii-nitrophenylcarbamate. The preparation given above is based upon recent publications of the authors. ... 

Toluene (methyl benzene) QH5CH3 Automotive fuels additive, organic solvent, production of benzene, styrene, and terephthalic acid... 

SO as to end the air mixture to adsorber No. 2. The system is then fully automatic. Solvents which have been successfully recovered by the activated carbon adsorption method include methanol, ethanol, butanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons including perchlorethylene, which boils at 121 C (250 °F), ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, the acetates up to amyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, naphtha, gasoline, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, hexane, carbon disulfide, and others. 

The liquid anion exchangers at present available are based largely on primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines, e.g. the exchangers Amberlite LA.l [A/-dodecenyl(trialkylmethyl)amine] and Amberlite LA.2 [A/-lauryl(trialkyl-methyl)amine], both secondary amines. These anion exchange liquids are best employed as solutions (ca 2.5 to 12.5% v/v) in an inert organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, kerosene, petroleum ether, cyclohexane, octane, etc. 

Second-order rate coefficients (107fc2 at 25.0 °C) for a number of aromatics were benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene, all > 1.0 anisole, 6.0 3-methyl-anisole, 200 2,3-dimethylanisoIe, 240 3,5-dimethylanisole, 3,800, and 1,3-di-methoxybenzene containing the following substituents H, 5,800 4-Br, 180 ... 

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