Methods for Detecting Histamine

Charged ionophore, a thiopyrilium derivative, was employed for preparing an ion-selective histamine membrane electrode by Javanbakht and coworkers [82], while Amini et al. [83] tested porphyrin ionophores for the same purposes. 

A matrix cleaning step to eliminate interferences was found important to increase the reliability of histamine measurement in fish samples. 

During storage periods, putrefaction processes can proceed in different raw food samples resulting in nucleoside degradation, pH, and redox potential changes. Barat and 

and Ag2S electrodes were used in the workofKaneki and coworkers [86] investigating the applicability of potentiometric measurements for detecting pork freshness. The outputs of these electrodes have been analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) in order to find the correlation with the results of viable bacterial counts. By using the potentiometric sensors, the pork freshness was evaluated and the PCA and MRA corresponded to the degree of bacterial increases more simply and rapidly than other methods. 

Artificial noise systems, some of them made of an array of unselective or selective potentiometric sensor spots [87, 88], have already been tested in food analysis, for example, for detecting food quality decline. 

---

R. Thunberg of Lund used a fluorescent method for detecting histamine in the mucosa and noted a high concentration in the region of the parietal cells and a low concentration in the submucosa. He noted that the cells in the submucosa were definitely mast cells, but those lying close to the parietal cells did not stain like mast cells. 

Yamaguchi, M. Nouda, H. Yoshida, H. Yoshitake, T Ichinose, F. Anal5flical method for detecting histamine or histidine. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001242174,2001. 

The first FIA method for the determination of histamine in fresh and canned fish, tuna, mackerel, and mahi-mahi was developed in 1990 by Hungerford et al. (1990). This system was based on the AOAC method for determining histamine in fish, by means of the reaction of histamine/OPA used to determine this and other amines with detection by fluorescence. The reaction of the OPA with histamine takes place in the manifold during transportation of the reagents. 

Marcobal, A., de las Rivas, B., Moreno-Arribas, M.V. Munoz, R. (2005b). Multiplex-PCR method for the Simultaneous Detection of Acid Lactic Bacteria Produdng Histamine, Tyramine and Putrescine, Three Major Biogenic Amines. J. Eood Prot., 68, 874-878. 

Sumner, S. S., and Taylor, S. L. (1989). Detection method for histamine-producing, dairy-related bacteria using diamine oxidase and leucocrystal violet. J. Food Prot. 52,105-108. 

Histamine, a substance with profound effects on the mammalian organism, is not demonstrable with the formaldehyde method of Falck and Hillarp. However, it was recently shown that it will give a fluoroplu e with a different aldehyde, orthophtaldialdehyde (OPT) With the OPT method, histamine occurs in mast cells, as well as in certain epithelial cells of the murine (but only the murine) stomach. These are identical with cells that can be induced to produce and contain other amines, and presumably also identical with cells that contain the anti-pemi-cious principle. No nerves containing histamine have been detected, but the sensitivity of the method is less than the Falck and Hillarp method for catecholamines. 

Biogenic amines are of great interest to researchers because of their potential roles in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. They include dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), histamine, and trace amines such as 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, octopamine, phenylethanolamine, and tryptamine (Coutts and Baker, 1982). Although GC assays for DA, NA, and 5-HT are available, HPLC analysis with electrochemical detection has for many years now been the method of choice for analysis of these neurotransmitter amines. 

Olanzapine, a thienobenzodiazepine with proprietary name Zyprexa, is a serotonin and dopamine antagonist with antimuscarinic activity. It also blocks histamine receptors. It is completely absorbed to reach peak concentrations in the range of lOOOng/mL in 6 hours. Olanzapine has a half-life averaging 35 hours. It is 93% protein bound. Olanzapine is cleared by CyP 1A2 metabolism to inactive desalkyl amine and by UGT to N glucuronide metabolites. An HPLC method with electrochemical detection for measuring olanzapine has been published. ... 

The fluorometric procedure is the official AO AC method most commonly used for the determination of histamine (AOAC Methods, 1980). The method involves extraction of the fish with methanol, separation of histamine from amino acids by passing the extract through an ion-exchange column, and reaction with o-phthalaldehyde under controlled conditions, followed by fluorometric measurement. This method has proven to be accurate and sensitive, with a detection limit of approximately 1 mg hista-mine/100 g fish sample (Gouygou et ai, 1992). Drawbacks are that it is rather slow (maximum four or five samples per hour) and requires strict handling. 

---