Method of images

Yuan J-Y, Shao Z and Gao C 1991 Alternative method of imaging surface topologies of nonconducting bulk specimens by scanning tunnelling microscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 863... 

X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. Soon after their discovery Roentgen used x-rays to image the bones in a human hand. The x-rays transmitted through the hand (phenomenon 1) were recorded on photographic film. The bones or other dense objects absorb x-rays more than do soft tissues or less dense materials (phenomenon 2). This method of imaging the internal stmcture of an object is known as x-ray radiography. 

Ill the case of a toner particle, the charge q on the particle was produced by triboelectrification. As such, it is fair to assume that the charge is uniformly distributed and proportional to the surface area, with a proportionality constant attraction between the particle and the substrate is obtained using the method of images, discussed previously. Accordingly,... 

Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., Flannery, B.P., 1992, Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition Richardson, W.H., 1972, Bayesian-based iterative method of image restoration, JOSA 62, 55... 

These two elements are treated as two capacitors in parallel. The capacity of a sphere relative to the sample can be calculated exactly by the method of images. Even then, however, a complicated expression is obtained that must be calculated numerically. Fortunately, when the tip-surface distance is sufficiently smaller than the tip radius, an approximate expression for the capacitance can be found by integrating the contributions of flat infinitesimal rings of spherical surface centered at the apex [36], The result is ... 

A basic method of image analysis is the use of regions of interest (ROI). These ROI can have very simple shapes such as circles or rectangles, but can also have very... 

Exemplifying the convenience of the fractional approach, we address the imposition of boundary value problems on the fractional diffusion equation which was demonstrated in Ref. 62. In this force-fiee case for which the kernel, Eq. (27), takes on the homogeneous form K(x,x u) = uw(u) (2( c — x ) — <5(x))/(l - w(u)), one can apply the method of images in order to construct the solution [12]. 

Imaging is a common technique for assessing materials. For example, airliner structural materials are often X-ray-imaged to check for hairline cracks or other signs of imminent failure. In scientific applications, advances in nanotechnology have produced a parallel need for improved methods of imaging nanomaterials on the molecular scale. 

The method of image charges determines how a charge qt located at r = (r , 6t, 4>l) in C leads to the following contributions to the induced potential ... 

The general solution of a random walk on a lattice between perfect reflecting walls was provided by Feller.80 In what follows, a simpler approximate solution will be constructed using the method of images.24 When the walk is confined between two reflecting walls, one at the origin and the other at the distance 2d, the probability for the constrained walk to reach the distance z, yd(z), can be written as a sum of probabilities y>u for the unconstrained walk to reach various image points, as follows. 

Other methods of imaging fat crystals and fat crystal networks (not all of them optical) include confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, multiple photon microscopy, atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy (Narine and Marangoni, 1999). 

Trajectory is determined by the pixel s neighborhood connectivity method of image processing, where the direction of displacement is described by a number from 0 to 7. This is in function of the relative position of any of the eight neighbors of a central point. The number chosen for the neighbor that is bonded to the central point describes a line coincident with the direction of the displacement. 

The absolute reference method of image analysis of fiber bundle cross sections [572-574], wherein an image analysis computer system is used to automatically measure the area and perimeter of several hundred fiber sections and statistically analyzed to measure the average 0 and perimeter. 

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