Metal vapor synthesis organometallics

Blackborrow, J.R., and Young, D. In Metal Vapor Synthesis in Organometallic Chemistry Springer Verlag Berlin, 1979. 

Lanthanide triflates, for allylic tin reactions, 9, 354 Laser beam heating, in metal vapor synthesis, 1, 224 Laser methods, in mechanistic studies, 1, 248 Laser photochemical vapor deposition, with organometallic complexes, 1, 259... 

J. R. Blackborow and D. Young, Metal Vapor Synthesis in Organometallic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1979. 

Preparative Methods include reduction of metal compound in the presence of the ligand, reaction with a methods main-group organometallic compound, and metal vapor synthesis. 

Metal-containing polymers may be produced by various methods, such as chemical reactions of precursors— in particular, reactions of metal salts in polymer solutions, the treatment of polymers with metal vapors, or the polymerization of various metal-monomer systems [1-4], Depending on the metal nature and the polymer structure, these processes lead to organometallic units incorporated into polymer chains, metal-polymer complexes, or metal clusters and nanoparticles physically connected with polymer matrix. Of special interest are syntheses with the use of metal vapors. In this case, metal atoms or clusters are not protected by complexones or solvate envelopes and consequently have specific high reactivity. It should be noted that the apparatus and principles of metal vapor synthesis techniques are closely related to many industrial processes with participation of atomic and molecular species [5]—for example, manufacturing devices for microelectronic from different metals and metal containing precursors [6]. Vapor synthesis methods employ varying metals and... 

The synthetic methods which have been used include modern versions of established methods of metal colloid preparation such as the mild chemical reduction of solutions of transition metal salts and complexes and newer methods such as radiolysis and photochemical reduction, metal atom extrusion from labile organometallics. And the use of metal vapor synthesis techniques. Some of these reactions have been in use for many years, and some are the results of research stimulated by the current resurgence in metal colloid chemistry. The list of preparative methods is being extended daily, and, as examples of these methods are described below, the reader will quickly be made aware that almost any organometallic reaction or physical process which results in the deposition of a metal is in fact a resource for the metal colloid chemist. The acquisition of new methods requires only the opportunism of the synthetic chemist in turning a previously negative result into a synthetic possibility. 

Green and coworkers have used metal vapor synthesis (MVS) to make isolable quantities of a number of organometallic species directly from alkanes (equations 49-51). In each case the complex has the stoichiometry of the parent alkane. Equation 50 is reminiscent of some of the chemistry we saw in the homogeneous metal phosphine chemistry discussed earlier in this chapter. 

J. R. Blackborow and D. Young, Metal Vapor Synthesis in Organometallic Chemistry , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979 P. L. Timms, Recherche, 1979,10,1090 K. J. Klabunde, Reactive Intermediates , Plenum, New York, 1980, Vol. 1, p. 37,... 

It is in the synthesis of organometallic complexes that the metal-atom technique shows its greatest utility. From metal vapors, many complexes may be synthesized on a macroscale that are difficult, if not impossible, to prepare by standard, wet-chemical techniques (64, 65). In this section, we shall illustrate the vast potential that the method has in this area, although, to be sure, it is evident throughout this entire review. 

V. A New General Synthesis for Trifluoromethyl Organometallic Compounds and Other Sigma-Bonded Metal Compounds Based on Metal Vapor as a Reagent... 

Similar to chemical vapor deposition, reactants or precursors for chemical vapor synthesis are volatile metal-organics, carbonyls, hydrides, chlorides, etc. delivered to the hot-wall reactor as a vapor. A typical laboratory reactor consists of a precursor delivery system, a reaction zone, a particle collector, and a pumping system. Modification of the precursor delivery system and the reaction zone allows synthesis of pure oxide, doped oxide, or multi-component nanoparticles. For example, copper nanoparticles can be prepared from copper acetylacetone complexes [70], while europium doped yttiria can be obtained from their organometallic precursors [71]. 

The synthetic potential of transition metal atoms in organometallic chemistry was first demonstrated by the formation of dibenzenechrom-ium (127). Apart from chromium, Ti, V, Nb, Mo, W, Mn, and Fe atoms each form well-defined complexes with arenes on condensation at low temperatures. Interaction has also been observed between arenes and the vapors of Co, Ni, and some lanthanides. Most important, the synthesis of metal-arene complexes from metal vapors has been successful with a wide range of substituted benzenes, providing routes to many compounds inaccessible by conventional reductive preparations of metal-arene compounds. 

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