Metabotropic glutamate postsynaptic

IONOTROPIC AND METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS ARE PRINCIPAL PROTEINS AT THE POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY 273... 

Whittington MA, Traub RD, Jeffreys JG (1995) Synchronized oscillations in interneuron network driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Natime 373 612-615 Whittington MA, Traub RD, Faulkner HJ, Stanford IM, Jeffreys JG (1997) Recurrent excitatory postsynaptic potentials induced by synchronized fast cortical oscillations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 12 198-12 203... 

Endoh T. (2004). Characterization of modulatory effects of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors on calcium currents in rat nucleus tractus solitarius. Brain Res. 1024 212-224. 

The metabotropic glutamate receptors act indirectly on ion channels via G proteins. They are selectively activated by irans-1 -amino-cyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD). These G protein-coupled receptors are either positively coupled to (ie, stimulate) phospholipase C or negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Depending on the type of synapse, metabotropic glutamate receptors can initiate a slow postsynaptic excitation or a presynaptic inhibition. Although the presence of metabotropic receptors at excitatory synapses varies, most excitatory synapses contain both NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. 

Ohno-Shosaku T, MaejimaT, Kano M (2001) Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signals from depolarized postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic terminals. Neuron 29 729-38 Ohno-Shosaku T, Shosaku J, Tsubokawa H, Kano M (2002) Cooperative endocannabinoid production by neuronal depolarization and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Eur J Neurosci 15 953-61... 

Second, while dopamine acts primarily at two receptor types, both of which produce slow potentials via G-protein-coupled mechanisms (i.e., metabotropic), glutamate mediates its effects at multiple postsynaptic receptors. While some glutamate receptors are metabotropic, the vast majority are coupled directly to ion channels (ionotropic). Different subtypes of glutamate receptors have different kinetic properties. 

Kato N (1993) Dependency of long-term depression on postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 3650-3654. 

Neki A, Ohishi H, Kaneko T, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S. Mizuno N (1996a) Pre- and postsynaptic localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the rat brain an immunohistochemical study with a monoclonal... 

Nomura A, Shigemoto R. Nakamura Y, Okamoto N, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S (1994) Developmentally regulated postsynaptic localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in rat rod bipolar cells. Cell 77 361-369. 

Petralia RS, Wang Y-X, Niedzielski AS, Wenthold RJ (1996a) The metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3, show unique postsynaptic, presynaptic and glial localizations. Neuroscience 77 949-976. 

Petralia RS, Wang Y-X, Zhao H-M, Wenthold RJ (1996b) Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors show unique postsynaptic, presynaptic, and glial localizations in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. J Comp Neurol 372 256-383. 

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