Metabolism proteomic studies

S-L-x(i i5)-R-(N/F/xF) or M-L-R-(S/N)-F, picked out 138 sequences with 67% showing similarity to known proteins involved in metabolic pathways, electron transport, protein import, protein folding and oxygen scavenging pathways (Carlton et al. 2007). There are undoubtedly variations on these consensus, as have been found during proteomic studies (our unpublished data). 

Such imbalanced antioxidant systems in schizophrenia could lead to oxidative stress- and ROS-mediated injury as supported by increased lipid peroxidation products and reduced membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Decrease in membrane phospholipids in blood cells of psychotic patients (Keshavan et al., 1993 Reddy et al., 2004) and fibroblasts from drug-naive patients (Mahadik et al., 1994) as well as in postmortem brains (Horrobin et al., 1991) have indeed been reported. It has also been suggested that peripheral membrane anomalies correlate with abnormal central phospholipid metabolism in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients (Pettegrewet al., 1991 Yao et al., 2002). Recently, a microarray and proteomic study on postmortem brain showed anomalies of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress pathways in schizophrenia (Prabakaran et al., 2004). Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia has also been observed by Ben-Shachar (2002) and Altar et al. (2005). As main ROS producers, mitochondria are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Thus, a deficit in glutathione (GSH) or immobilization stress induce greater increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in mitochondrial rather than in cytosolic fractions of cerebral cortex (Liu et al., 1996). 

Transcriptome and proteome study the regulation of xylose metabolism Bioethanol production [356]... 

While much of the proteomics studies derive proteins from blood, there are indeed other proteome sources that may be exploited, such as urine, bronch-oalveolar lavage (BAL), breath condensate and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). In one particular study, the 3-inch TOF mass spectrometer is being used to monitor hepcidin levels in urine. Decreased hepcidin levels are related to anemia and critical in iron metabolism.38 Figure 13.13 shows the mass spectrum of 100 nanomolar hepcidin in 10 mM NaCl and 5 mM phosphate buffer used as a... 

Gianazza and co-workers have carried a series of elegant proteomic studies aimed at establishing correlations between flavin metabolism and mitochondrial flavoenzyme dysfunction (Gianazza et al. 2006). A detailed investigation was carried out on muscle mitochondria from a patient with profound muscle weakness associated with MADD. The patient received riboflavin supplementation treatment (200 mg/day) in combination with carnitine treatment (2g/day) which resulted in a substantial improvement, as assessed by biochemical parameters. Prior the therapeutic riboflavin supplementation, the activity of different fatty acid (5-oxidation enzymes, respiratory complexes, the ratio between acyl/free carnitine and the levels of intracellular lipids were altered in respect to controls. These data led the authors to evaluate the FAD and FMN concentrations in whole muscle, and the results evidenced a lower amount of available FAD upon riboflavin therapy the flavin levels were restored to, at least, control levels. 

Zhang, D., Tai, L.K., Wong, L.L., Chiu, L.L., Sethi, S.K. and Koay, E.S., Proteomic study reveals that proteins involved in metabolic and detoxification pathways are highly expressed in HER-2/neu-positive breast cancer. Mol. Cell Proteomics, 4(11), 1686-1696 (2005). 

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