Metabolic blood pressure parameters

Mietsch and Einspanier (2014) assessed the applicability of HDO for use in the common marmoset monkey and from their study defined the best location for measurement the hind limb. Their study supports the fact that HDO values enable for a reliable comparison of blood pressure parameters in cardiovascular, toxicological and metabolic research. Similar statements were given by Bramlage et al. (2009) for the common marmoset and Niehoff et al. (2014) for the cynomolgus monkey. In both cases, data have been compared to telemetry methods. 

In the non-exercising horse, increased blood lactate concentrations are sufficient evidence of a metabolic disturbance to initiate fluid therapy. They are an indication of poor tissue perfusion or increased circulating epinephrine (adrenaline) concentrations (James et al 1999). Hypovolemia and endotoxemia are common causes of increased lactate concentrations in the horse. Endotoxemia increases tissue lactate production both through circulatory changes, which reduce blood flow to the tissues and inappropriate anaerobic metabolism (Fink 1997). Whereas lactate is a good indicator of the need to start fluid therapy, continued high lactate concentrations should be assessed in the context of cardiovascular parameters, such as pulse rate, urine output and blood pressure, because decreases in plasma lactate concentration... 

Biological Rhythms. There is increasing evidence that drug metabolism may undergo some daily variations as a result of a diurnal (circadian) rhythm. It is well established that nearly all physiological functions and parameters can vary with the time of day, e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, hepatic blood flow, urinary pH, and plasma concentrations... 

Non-invasive monitoring of blood pressure has become increasingly important in research. High-Definition Oscillometry (HDO) delivers not only accurate, reproducible and thus reliable blood pressure but also visualises the pulse waves on screen. This allows for on-screen feedback in real time on data validity but even more on additional parameters like systemic vascular resistance (SVR), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variances (SVV), rhythm and dysrhythmia. Since complex information on drug effects are delivered within a short period of time, almost stress-free and visible in real time, it makes HDO a valuable technology in safety pharmacology and toxicology within a variety of fields like but not limited to cardiovascular, renal or metabolic research. 

HDO is a reliable and accurate method for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. The use of this technology allows for blood pressure and cardiovascular information to be more frequently assessed and thus included into safety pharmacology and toxicology studies. Early detection of impaired vascular resistance can be added as a key parameter in the detectirm and assessment of heart and kidney disease as well as for use in metabolic research such as diabetes. Visualisation and analysis of single pulse waves, pulse pressure, the opening behaviour of the artery and in particular also pulse transit time might open new dimensions in the overall cardiovascular and metabolic evaluation of drugs for use in patients. 

Etiology - In the study of the causes of atherosclerosis. the factors found most likely to be present in the living system prior to death, in relation to the proven presence of coronary atherosclerosis at autopsy, are advanced age, elevated serum cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure, with elevated blood lipids and the presence of diabetes appearing influential. Other measurable metabolic parameters found to correlate as coronary heart disease risk factors are elevated serum uric acid, , lowered serum albumin levels, lowered lipoprotein lipase and lowered endogenous heparin. Of these factors, "cholesterol" continues as a favorite research topic. 

Sheu et al. (586) compared the effects of ionic monomer diatrizoate and nonionic monomer iohexol on coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism. In dog hearts, the intracoronary injection of iohexol produced an increase in myocardial contractibility, aortic systolic pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption. In contrast, the injection of diatrizoate produced a decrease in these parameters. This difference between ionic and nonionic contrast media was significant. Nevertheless, the degree of increased coronary blood flow after coronary injection was similar for both agents. 

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