Messenger RNA translation

Messenger RNA Translation Predict the amino acid sequences of peptides formed by ribosomes in response to the following mRNA sequences, assuming that the reading frame begins with the first three bases in each sequence. 

On binding to surface receptors, interferon alfa results in activation of cytoplasmic enzymes affecting messenger RNA translation and protein synthesis (6). The antiviral state takes hours to develop but can persist... 

Transcription is the transferring of genetic DNA information to messenger RNA. Translation is the expression of messenger RNA information in the form of an amino acid sequence in a protein. 

Messenger RNA translation may be separated into three stages—initiation, elongation, and termination—with the number of ribosomes traversing a mRNA at any one time a function of the relative rates of these three steps as well as the length of the mRNA. Many different lines of evidence point to initiation as the process most likely to be controlled, either by factors apparently affecting the synthesis of all... 

De Maeyer-Guignard, J., De Maeyer, E., Montagnier, L. Interferon messenger RNA Translation in heterologous cells. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 69, 1203-1207 (1972)... 

One further argumoit supports the view, that the main site of action of azaguanine is at the level of modified messeng -RNA translation. When HeLa cells are incubated in a medium containing azaguanine. the potyribosomes, whose mes-... 

Mermod, J. J., Schatz, G., and Crippa, M., 1980, Specific control of messenger RNA translation in Drosophila oocytes and embryos, Dev. Biol. 75 177. 

Revel, M., 1977, Initiation of messenger RNA translation into protein and some aspects of its regulation, in Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (H. Weissbach and S. Pestka, eds.), pp. 246-321, Academic Press, New York. 

By what mechanism can the insertion of a tumor virus genome into host cell DNA (Sambrook et aL, 1968) affect the activity of a host cell enzyme Possibilities exist at the levels of DNA transcription, messenger RNA translation, and expression of enzyme activity. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells... 

Section 28 11 Three RNAs are involved m gene expression In the transcription phase a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA tern plate The four bases A G C and U taken three at a time generate 64 possible combinations called codons These 64 codons comprise the genetic code and code for the 20 ammo acids found m proteins plus start and stop signals The mRNA sequence is translated into a prescribed protein sequence at the ribosomes There small polynucleotides called... 

For example, a polypeptide is synthesized as a linear polymer derived from the 20 natural amino acids by translation of a nucleotide sequence present in a messenger RNA (mRNA). The mature protein exists as a weU-defined three-dimensional stmcture. The information necessary to specify the final (tertiary) stmcture of the protein is present in the molecule itself, in the form of the specific sequence of amino acids that form the protein (57). This information is used in the form of myriad noncovalent interactions (such as those in Table 1) that first form relatively simple local stmctural motifs (helix... 

If an antibody to the protein of interest is available, it is sometimes possible to use vector sequences, eg, the beta-galactosidase promoter sequence, to direct the transcription of the passenger DNA into messenger RNA and the translation of that mRNA into protein which can be recognized by the antibody. Although this method is somewhat less reHable than the use of nucleic acid probes, specialized vectors are available for this purpose. 

Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves to carry the information or message that is encoded in genes to the sites of protein synthesis in the cell, where this information is translated into a polypeptide sequence. Because mRNA molecules are transcribed copies of the protein-coding genetic units that comprise most of DNA, mRNA is said to be the DNA-like RNA. ... 

Reverse transcription is the copying of an RNA molecule back into its DNA complement. The enzymes that perform this function are called reverse transcriptases. Reverse transcription is used naturally by retroviruses to insert themselves into an organism s genome. Artificially induced reverse transcription is a useful technique for translating unstable messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules into stable cDNA. 

The Shine-Salgano interaction is a base pairing interaction that occurs during translation initiation in prokaryotes between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on messenger RNA (mRNA) and the anti-Shine-Dalgamo... 

Weber, L. A., Hickey, E.D., Nuss, D.L. Bayloni, C. (1977). 5 -terminal 7-methyl-guanosine and messenger RNA function influence of potassium concentration on translation in vitro. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 252, 4007-10. 

The human TPI gene spans 3.5 kb of DNA located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12pl3) and comprises seven exons encoding a 1.2-kb messenger RNA (mRNA) that is translated into a 248-amino-acid protein (B35, M10). 

As noted, the viral RNA is of the plus (+) sense. Replicase synthesizes RNA of minus (-) sense using the infecting RNA as template. After minus RNA has been synthesized, plus RNA is made from this minus RNA. The newly made plus RNA strands now serve as messengers for virus protein synthesis. The gene for the maturation protein is at the 5 end of the RNA. Translation of the gene coding for the maturation protein (needed in only one copy per virus particle), occurs only from the newly formed plus-strand RNA as... 

Bacteria, being procaryotic, do not show compartmentation of the biosynthetic processes. The genome of a bacterium relates directly to the cytoplasm of the cell. Transcription into mRNA can lead directly to translation, and the processes of transcription and translation are not carried out in separate organelles. Animal cells, being eucaryotic, show compartmentation of the transcription and translation processes. Transcription of the genome into mRNA occurs in the nucleus, whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm. The messenger RNA in the eucaryote is usually modified by adding to it... 

---