Mercurous chloride, III

Koizumi, T. and Y. Yamane. 1984. Protective effect of molybdenum on the acute toxicity of mercuric chloride. III. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32 2316-2324. 

Type III (immune complex related disease) reactions have been demonstrated by the presence of proteinuria and immune complex deposits in the kidneys of the Brown-Norway, Lewis, and PVG/C rat strains. However, susceptibility to the deposition and the subsequent lesions (glomerulamephritis) are often variable and dependent on the strain (Bigazzi, 1985). For example, despite the appearance of clinical signs and proteinuria, after two-months administration of mercuric chloride, detectable levels of circulating antinuclear autoantibodies can no longer be observed in the Brown-Norway strain (Bellon et al., 1982). By contrast, in PVG/C rats administered mercuric chloride, immune complex deposition and antinuclear autoantibodies are present for longer periods of time however, proteinurea is not observed (Weeping et al., 1978). 

Phenylthiotrimethylsilane adds to propenoyl trimethylsilane under the influence of Lewis acid to give l,3-bis(phenylthio)-l-trimethylsilylprop-l-ene (18). This enol thioether may be deprotonated with f-butyl lithium and alkylated with any of a large range of electrophiles. Subsequent hydrolysis-elimination with mercuric chloride in aqueous acetonitrile provides -substituted a,/J-unsaturated acyl silanes (vide supra, Section III.D.3)132. It should be noted that, in this transformation, the /1-substituent has... 

The substitution of the pentaaquo-4-pyridiomethylchromium(III) ion by mercuric chloride and mercuric bromide, proceeding according to equation (27) (X = Cl, Br),... 

They showed that the ion reacted with aqueous mercuric chloride to yield benzyl-mercuric chloride and the hexaaquochromium (III) ion with no change in pH, reaction (39)... 

Yokoyama, M., Ishihara, H., Iwamoto, R., and Tadokoro, H. (1969) Structure of Poly(ethylene oxide) Complexes. III. Poly(ethylene oxide)-Mercuric Chloride Complex. Type II, Macromolecules 2, 184-192. 

Chloride ions react with mercury (II) thiocyanate to form a sparingly dissociating mercuric chloride complex and liberate a stoichiometrically equivalent amount of thiocyanate ions (2CT + Hg(SCN)2 - Hgd2 + 2SCN) die thiocyanate reacts with iron (III) ions, yielding die intensely red ferric thiocyanate complex (SCN + Fe3+ -> Fe(SCN)2+), which is determined at 460 nm. 

Calomel electrode — is an - electrode of the second kind. It was introduced in 1890 by Ostwald, F.W. Asa- reference electrode of fixed, well-known, and very reproducible -+potential, it is still a commonly used reference electrode in electrochemistry [i—iii]. It consists of mercury, sparingly soluble mercurous chloride (calomel), and a chloride-containing solution. The electrode net reaction can be formulated in the following way ... 

The yellow hexaammineruthenium(II) cation is a moderately strong reducing agent and will, for example, reduce hydrogen chloride, mercuric chloride, gold(III) chloride,1 and the hexa-amminecobalt(III) cation.6 The dry complexes are stable for a matter of weeks, especially when kept cold, but in aqueous solution decomposition is more rapid. 

Daston GP, Rehnberg BF, Hall LL, et al. 1986. Toxicity of mercuric chloride to the developing rat kidney III. Distribution and elimination of mercury during postnatal maturation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85 39-48. 

Penicilloic acids (III) react instantly in aqueous solution with mercuric chloride 19d giving penicillamine (VII) and penaldic acid (VI). Penaldic acids decarboxylate rapidly to form the corresponding penilloaldehyde (VIII). This degradation forms the basis for a sensitive analytical method for benzylpenicillin. ... 

Samples with particulate matter may present quite serious problems, and it may be desirable to remove particles, for example, by centrifugation, and examine this fraction by procedures applicable to solid phases which are discussed in Section 2.2.5. Tangential-flow high-volume filtration systems have been used for analysis of particulate fractions (>0.45 jum) where the analytes occur in only low concentration (Broman et al. 1991). Attention has already been drawn to artifacts resulting from reactions with cyclohexene added as an inhibitor to dichloromethane. It has also been suggested that under basic conditions, Mn2+ in water samples may be oxidized to Mn(III or IV) which in turn oxidized phenolic constituents to quinones (Chen et al. 1991). Serious problems may arise if mercuric chloride is added as a preservative after collection of the samples (Foreman et al. 1992) since this has appreciable solubility in many organic solvents, and its use should therefore be avoided. 

The search is on for catalysts to replace those containing toxic heavy metals. The addition of hydrogen chloride to acetylene to form vinyl chloride is catalyzed by mercuric chloride. Rhodium (III) chloride on activated carbon works just as well and is much less toxic 97 It should be tried also in other addition reactions of acetylene as well as in trans-esteriflcation reactions of vinyl acetate. The reduction of 2 ethyl-2-hexenal to 2-ethylhexanol can be catalyzed by a mixture of copper, zinc, manganese, and aluminum oxides in 100% yield.98 This is said to be a replacement for carcinogenic copper chromite. In Reaction 4.15, the amount of toxic chromium(II) chloride has been reduced from stoichiometric to catalytic (9-15 mol% chromium(II) chloride) by the addition of manganese metal.99... 

The reaction is complete when the yellow color of the iron(III)-chloro complex disappears. The excess tin(II) is removed by addition of mercuric chloride ... 

Mercury is considered for possible regulation in the electric power industry under Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. One promising approach for removing mercury from fossil-fired flue gas involves the direct injection of activated carbon into the gas. Meserole et al. (1999) describe a theoretical model for estimating mercury removal by the sorbent injection process. An important parameter of the model is the effective diffu-sivity of mercuric chloride vapor traces in the flue gas. If the flue gas is at 1.013 bar and 408 K, and its composition (on a mercuric chloride-free basis) is 6% 02, 12% C02, 7% H20, and 75% N2, estimate the effective diffusivity of mercuric chloride in the flue gas. Assume that only the HgCl2 is adsorbed by the activated carbon. Meserole et al. reported an effective diffusivity value of 0.22 cm2/s. 

Regioselective carboxylation of thiophene by Pd-mediated reaction with CO in the presence of mercuric chloride, mercuric acetate or thallium(III) acetate has been reported <90JMOC23>. It is preferable to carry out the reaction in two steps— iiiitial mercuration, followed by reacting the thienylmercury derivative with CO in the presence of palladium acetate. 

To the other portion add 2 ml of mercuric chloride solution R. The red color disappears because mercury(II) forms a stronger, but colorless, complex than iron(III) with the thiocyanate ion. 

Because many ions and compounds have very similar names, there is great potential for confusing them. Write the correct chemical formulas to distinguish between (a) calcium sulfide and calcium hydrogen sulfide, (b) hydrobromic acid and bromic acid, (c) aluminum nitride and aluminum nitrite, (d) iron(II) oxide and iron(III) oxide, (e) ammonia and ammonium ion, (f) potassium sulfite and potassium bisulfite, (g) mercurous chloride and mercuric chloride, (h) chloric acid and perchloric add. 

The formation of such stress metabolites was shown to be inducible by (i) fungi such as C. flmbriata, Fusarium javanicum, F. solani (Schneider et al. 1984 and references therein), (ii) mycotoxins (Fujita and Yoshizawa 1989), and (iii) mercuric chloride (HgCl ) (Schneider et al. 1984 and references therein). 

Bhattacharyya MH, Peterson DP (1979) Action of DTPA on hepatic plutonium. III. Evidence for a direct chelation mechanism for DTPA-induced excretion of monomeric plutonium into rat bile. Radiat Res 80 108-115 Bluhm RE, Bobbit RG, Welch LW, Wood AJJ, Bonfiglio JF, Sarzen C, Heath AJ, Branch RA (1992) Elemental mercury vapour toxicity, treatment, and prognosis after acute, intensive exposure in chloralkali plant workers. I. History, neuropsychological findings and chelator effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 11 201-210 Buchet JP, Lauwerys RR (1989) Influence of 2,3 dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate and dimercaptosuccinic acid on the mobilization of mercury from tissues of rats pretreated with mercuric chloride, phenylmercury acetate or mercury vapors. Toxicology 54 323-333... 

The interaction of (CgF5)2Yb with mercuric chloride at 26°C leads to the oxidation of Yb(II) to Yb(III) and the precipitation of mercury, instead of the substituents exchange at Hg and Yb atoms ... 

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