Disorder, mental

Several of the naturally occurring indoles also have clinical importance. The dimeric vinca alkaloid vincristine and closely related compounds were among the first of the anti-mitotic class of chemotherapeutic agents for cancer[14]. The mitomycins[15] and derivatives of ellipticine[16] are other examples of compounds having anti-tumour activity. Reserpine, while not now a major drug, was one of the first compounds to show beneficial effects in treatment of mental disorders[17]... 

A hormone synthesized in the pineal gland Certain mental disorders are be lieved to be related to sero tonin levels in the brain )... 

American Psychiatric Association, DSM-lll-R-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., rev., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., 1987. 

The initial assessments of the outpatient are basically the same as those for the hospitalized patient. The nurse obtains a complete medical histoiy and a histoiy of the symptoms of the mental disorder from the patient, a family member, or the patient s hospital records. During the initial interview, the nurse observes the patient for what appear to be deviations from a normal behavior pattern. The nurse also should assess the patient s vital signs and body weight. 

Allgaier C Ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptors. Neurochem Int41 377—382,2002 American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised. Washington, DC, American Psychiarric Association, 1987... 

Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al Comorhidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (EGA) Smdy. JAMA 264 2511-2518, 1990... 

Krausz M, Degkwitz P, Kuhne A, et al Comorbidity of opiate dependence and mental disorders. Addict Behav 23 767-783, 1998... 

E. The symptoms are not due to a general medical condition and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder. 

C. The symptoms are not due to a general medical condition (e.g., anatomical lesions and infections of the brain, visual epilepsies) and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., delirium, dementia. Schizophrenia) or hypnopompic hallucinations. 

Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. C hington, DC, American Psychiatric Association,... 

People who should not work with organophosphate insecticides are those with organic central nervous system disease, mental disorders, epilepsy, pronounced endocrine disorders, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, gastroenteric diseases, liver or kidney disease, and chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis (Medved and Kagan 1983). 

Depression is a common, serious, sometimes fatal illness that is chronic and recurrent in nature, impairs family life, reduces social adjustment, and is a burden on the community (Klerman and Weissman, 1992). This disease chronicity magnifies hoth its societal impact and its economic burden. It has been estimated that more than 17% of the disability associated with mental disorders is the result of depressive disorders (Rosenbaum and Hylan, 1999), and that the global burden of depression, measured in terms of disability-adjusted life years, will rank second only to ischaemic heart disease by the year 2020 (Murray and Lopez, 1996). 

Further detailed analyses of the ECA data have been extrapolated to USA national costs (Rice and Miller, 1998). It was calculated that the economic costs of mental disorders in 1990 in the USA totalled US 147.8 billion. Anxiety disorders were the most cosdy, amounting to 46.6 billion, just under a third of the total. Direct costs spent on mental health care totalled 67 billion, of which anxiety disorders accounted for only 11 billion (16.5%). Drug costs were 2191 million, of which anxiety disorders accounted for 1167 million—over half Morbidity costs—the value of goods and services not produced because of mental disorders — amounted to 63.1 billion, with anxiety disorders accounting for 34.2 billion, 54.2% of the total. This reflects the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in the community and the high associated rate of lost productivity. In contrast, patients with affective disorders appeared better able to function (Rice and Miller, 1995). In summary, anxiety disorders are common, disruptive and costly to society drug treatment is a substantial element of treatment costs (11%) compared with, say, schizophrenia (2.2%). 

Rice DP, Miller LS (1998). Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States. Br J Psychiatry 173 (suppl. 34), 4-9. 

Rupp A, Cause EM, Regier, DA (1998). Research policy implications of cost-of-illness studies for mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 173 (suppl. 36), 19-25. 

Woolley, D.W., and Shaw, E. A biochemical and pharmacological suggestion about certain mental disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 40 228-231, 1954. 

Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse remains a serious public health problem in large urban areas of the United States, with recent trends suggesting increased use after a period of decline (Crider, this volume). Most clinical and research attention has focused on the psychiatric and medical manifestations of acute or subacute PCP intoxication, especially the organic mental disorders (toxic delirium, psychosis, or depression) that PCP can induce (McCarron et al. 1981 McCarron, this volume Sioris and Krenzelok 1978). 

Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision... 

Individuals with a pattern of chronic use of commonly abused substances should be assessed to determine if they meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for substance dependence (addiction). 

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