Menstruation

Monats-bericht, m. monthly report, -fluss, m. menses, menstruation, -heft, n. monthly part or number, -schrift,/. monthly publication. 

Less severe pain states (e.g., arthritis, menstruation, headache, minor surgery) are commonly treated with nonselective NSADDs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, indo-methacin, diclofenac). NSAIDs are mostly used orally. 

Some of the more common adverse reactions associated with the administration of the SSRIs include headache, nervousness, dizziness, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, sweating, rash, pharyngitis, and painful menstruation. 

Other actions of estrogen include fluid retention, protein anabolism, thinning of the cervical mucus, and the inhibition or facilitation of ovulation. Estrogens contribute to the conservation of calcium and phosphorus, the growth of pubic and axillary hair, and pigmentation of the breast nipples and genitals. Estrogens also stimulate contraction of the fallopian tubes (which promotes movement of the ovum), modify the physical and chemical properties of the cervical mucus, and restore the endometrium after menstruation. 

Inserted with the provided inserter into the uterine cavity within 7 days of the onset of menstruation or immediately after the first trimester abortion. 

The normal range should be established with samples obtained from an adequate sample of healthy persons of specified age and sex. The effect of physiological variables such as activity, eating, menstruation and pregnancy should be known. The confidence limits should be determined with the appropriate statistical tools. Normal ranges determined with hospital patients should be rejected (20 21). 

ANDERSON J J, CHEN X, BOASS A, SYMONS M, KOHLMEIER M, RENNER J B, GARNER S C (2002) Soy isoflavones no effects on bone mineral content and bone mineral density in healthy, menstruating young adult women after one year. J Am Coll Nutr 21, 388-393. 

Menstruation or menopause Sleep excess or deficit Stress... 

The female menstrual cycle is divided into four functional phases follicular, ovulatory, luteal, and menstrual.6 The follicular phase starts the cycle, and ovulation generally occurs on day 14. The luteal phase then begins and continues until menstruation occurs.6 The menstrual cycle is regulated by a negative-feedback hormone loop between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries6 (Fig. 45-1). 

Women who take oral contraceptives typically experience more regular menstrual cycles. In general, oral contraceptive use is associated with less cramping and dysmenorrhea.1,8 Also, women who take oral contraceptives experience fewer days of menstruation each month and as a result experience less blood loss with each menstrual period.1,13 Some studies suggest that oral contraceptive use decreases overall monthly menstrual flow by 60% or more, which may be particularly beneficial in women who are anemic.1... 

Amenorrhea traditionally is described as either primary or secondary in nature. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menses by age 16 in the presence of normal secondary sexual development or the absence of menses by age 14 in the absence of normal secondary sexual development. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months in a previously menstruating woman. However, in clinical practice, there is a significant amount of overlap. The initial evaluation of amenorrhea is often the same regardless of age of onset, except in unusual clinical situations.1... 

Cessation of menses for longer than 6 months in women with established menstruation, or absence of menses by age 1 6 in the presence of normal secondary sexual development, or absence of menses by age 14 in the absence of normal secondary sexual development... 

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a constellation of symptoms including mild mood disturbance and physical symptoms that occur prior to menses and resolve with initiation of menses. It is estimated that up to 70% of menstruating women experience symptoms of PMS. However, a spectrum of premenstrual mood disturbances exists and the most severe is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Approximately 4% to 7% of women have PMDD. A summary of the American Psychiatric Association s criteria for PMDD is as follows1,21 ... 

Measure the treatment success for the various menstruation-related disorders by the degree to which the care plan (1) relieves or reverses symptoms of the disorder, (2) prevents or reverses the complications of the disorder (e.g., osteoporosis, anemia, and infertility), and (3) minimizes side effects. The return of a regular menstrual cycle with minimal premenstrual symptoms or symptoms of dysmenorrhea should occur. Depending on the desire for conception and subsequent therapy, this cycle may be ovulatory or anovulatory. 

What are the possible complications of the menstruation-related disorder ... 

Iron is another vital nutrient in the development of functioning erythrocytes it is essential for the formation of hemoglobin. Lack of iron leads to a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis and ultimately red blood cells. Normal homeostasis of iron transport and metabolism is depicted in Fig. 63-2.7 Approximately 1 to 2 mg of iron is absorbed through the duodenum each day, and the same amount is lost via blood loss, desquamation of mucosal cells, or menstruation. 

Response rates are lower for non-albicans infections. Although an optimal regimen is unknown, use of intravaginal azole therapy for 7 to 14 days is recommended. Terconazole may prove more effective than other azoles in the treatment of non-albicans infections since C. glabrata and C. tropicalis are more susceptible to terconazole.17 For second-line therapy, boric acid 600 mg in a gelatin capsule administered vaginally twice daily for 2 weeks followed by once daily during menstruation is effective.18 Local irritation often limits the use of boric acid. Topical 4% flucytosine is also effective but use should be limited due to the potential for resistance. 

Menopause Permanent cessation of menstruation following the loss of ovarian follicular activity. 

Secondary amenorrhea Absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months in a previously menstruating woman. 

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