Medical applications infrared

With regard to the development of infrared sensors during the last decade, some major fields of application can be identified, covering biological, biochemical or medical applications, environmental monitoring and process monitoring, with the latter being considered as the area closest to a widespread application of IR optical sensor systems. 

Ciurczak, E.W. and Drennen, J.K. III. Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Marcel Dekker New York, 2002. 

E.W. Ciurczak and J.K. Drennen 111 (Eds), Pharmaceutical and medical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy. Practical Spectroscopy Series Volume 31, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002. 

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation placed between infrared radiation and radio frequencies, with wavelengths of 1 mm to 1 m, which corresponds to the frequencies of 300 GHz to 300 MHz, respectively. The extensive application of microwaves in the field of telecommunications means that only specially assigned frequencies are allowed to be allocated for industrial, scientific or medical applications (e.g., most of wavelength of the range between 1 and 25 cm is used for mobile phones, radar and radio-line transmissions). Currently, in order not to cause interference with telecommunication devices, household and industrial microwave ovens (applicators) are operated at either 12.2 cm (2.45 GHz) or 32.7 cm (915 MHz). However, some other frequencies are also available for heating [1]. Most common domestic microwave ovens utilize the frequency of 2.45 GHz, and this may be a reason that all commercially available microwave reactors for chemical use operate at the same frequency. 

Raman spectroscopy failed to live up to its original expectation when the technique was discovered. This was due to instrumental problems, high cost of the instrument, and the fluorescence problem. However, with improvement in instrumentation, the use of a near infrared laser with FT-Raman, the introduction of fiber optics, the number of applications (some of which were discussed in Chapter 3) has escalated. The applications are expanded in this chapter, which deals with materials applications involving structural chemistry, solid state, and surfaces. Additional applications are presented in Chapter 5 (analytical applications), Chapter 6 (biochemical and medical applications) and Chapter 7 (industrial applications). 

Ciurczak, E.W. Drennen, J.K. Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications, Practical Spectrosc. Series Gadamasetti, K.G., Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. In press. 

Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy... 

Perhaps the strongest impetus for the development in near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in pharmaceutical and medical applications has been the explosive growth in both the types and sophistication of NIR equipment and software. Established manufacturers develop new NIR equipment yearly and new manufacturers of NIR equipment appear regularly. This chapter deals primarily with the general types of equipment in existence, not necessarily the manufacturers themselves. Lists of manufacturers are available in various trade journals and on the Internet. 

R. J. Dempsey and R. Lodder, Driven to Depth Biological and Medical Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, http / /kerouac, pharm.uky. edu. 

Diamond-like carbon since its inception in 1962 has found applications in some very important areas. These applications include coatings used in scratch-resistant optics, razor blades, prosthesis in medical applications electron emission surfaces in electronics as an insulator material for copper heat sinks in semiconductors such as solar cells and sensors for visible to infrared radiations and as structural materials such as deuterated DLC film used for neutron storage in advanced research instrumentation. As technology matures the unique properties of DLC will find new and important applications. 

Portable spectral imaging systems for medical applications is a growing field. One example is the portable near infrared system for topographic imaging of the brains of... 

Noninvasive NMR analyses does not have the optical path and contamination restrictions experienced with on-line infrared systems and eliminates the need for solvents, columns, carrier gases and/or the separations required with on-line chromatographic systems. NMR analysis is also real-time, with typical detection of any protonated analyte at the 0.1-100 % level. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is more typically associated with medical applications, can also be used to monitor more physical aspects of chemical processes. ... 

Nanoparticles in the form of quantum dots are reaching a mature stage in the development of medical applications. Their fluorescent yields are in the visible and infrared. They outperform organic dyes in the narrow emission linewidths, they have the capability to excite a wide range of useful emissions with a single ultraviolet (UV) excitation, and they are resistant to photobleaching. 

Various conventional medical applications for infrared gas analyzers have been described in the literature continuous analysis of COj in respired air (Domhorst et a/., 1953) alveolar CO2 measurement (Collier et al., 1955) measurement of CO2 in respired gas mixtures (Cullen et al., 1956) measurement of CO2 in respired gases containing cyclopropane and ether (Linde and Lurie, 1959) and application to anesthesia and respiratory physiology (Powell, 1965). 

Pharmaceutical and medical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy... 

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