Medical applications imaging

Computed radiography with Luminescence Imaging Plates (IP) has become a routine method in medical applications. It is a new medium for filmless radiography. Since the last five years several tests were performed to check this method for industrial NDT [1-3]. ASTM already issued a proposal for a standard. 

Sharper focusing will extend the use of the MCB tubes to imaging systems in low-power NDT and medical applications. 

The laminography method was developed initially for medical applications as a non-computer layer-by-layer visualization of the human body [1,2]. In this case an inclined initial X-ray beam projects an image of a specific layer of the object to the detector surface with defocusing of the other layers during a synchronous rotation of the object and the detector (Fig. 1). 

Liquid helium s use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment has eliminated some need for exploratory surgery by accurately diagnosing patients. Another medical application uses MRE to determine (by blood analysis) whether a patient has any form of cancer. 

Muller H, Michoux N, Bandon D, Geissbuhler A. A review of content-based image retrieval systems in medical applications—clinical benefits and future directions. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2004 73 1-23. 

M. T. Vlaardingerbroek, J.A. Den Boer 1999, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Theory and Practice, Springer, 481 pp. Very good textbook, mostly techniques, medical applications. 

Today, around 30-40% of all medical MR images are generated with the use of a contrast medium. This number is expected to increase substantially with the development of new agents and new applications. 

Vo-Dinh T., Cullum B., Kasili P., Development of a multi-spectral imaging system for medical applications, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 2003 36 1663-1668. 

Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 144 Medical applications, 153 Metal-insulator transitions, 52 Monte Carlo procedure, 135 Multi-energy X-ray imaging, 131 Multilayer targets, 131 Multiphoton absorption, 85 Multiphoton ionization, 82 Multiple filamentation, 91, 92 Multipulse techniques, 152... 

See also Luminescent dendrimers antibacterial, 26 799 biocompatibility studies of, 26 800-801 in catalysis, 26 805-806 in cell targeting, 26 797-798 as chelators, 26 806-807 core and interior shells of, 26 789 cytotoxicity of, 26 800-801 in drug delivery, 26 792-795 in gene transfection, 26 791-792 as imaging agents, 26 795-797 luminescent, 26 801-804 medical applications of, 26 791-801 micelle-mimetic behavior of, 26 789 multiphoton applications of, 26 803-804... 

Another popular technique (particularly in medical applications) is the so called dual- or multimodal imaging , i.e., combined magnetic resonance (MRI) and... 

Cyclam is one of the most extensively investigated ligands in coordination chemistry [23]. Both cyclam and its 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl derivative in aqueous solution can be mono and diprotonated and can coordinate metal ions such as Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ with very large stability constants [24]. Furthermore, cyclam and its derivatives have been studied in medical applications [25], as carrier of metal ions in antitumor [26], imaging contrast agents [27], and as antiHIV agents [28]. 

NMR spectroscopy of nucleic acids is discussed briefly in Chapter 5. An important medical application of NMR is in imaging, a topic dealt with in Box 30-A. 

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