Measurement using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements were made using a Nicolet Instruments 740 FT-IR spectrometer. A horizontal attenuated toted reflectance cell equipped with a 45° zinc-selenide crystal trough wets used. Spectra of neat solutions were obtained by co-addition of 256 scans at 4 cm- resolution. 

In this section we discuss a method of controlled material degradation for individual organic semiconductors and also for the blends used in bulk heterojunction solar cells [37]. The degradation is studied using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and by determining current/voltage characteristics (I/V measurements) of the devices. 

Surface analysis is a big challenge for the modihed polymers. It is well known that hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity can be measured in terms of water adhesion tension (x°). x° greater than 30 dyne cm are designated as hydrophilic and x° less than 30 dyne cm are designated as hydrophobic (Ma et al., 2007). Attenuated total reflec-tance-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and XPS are two widely used techniques for the analysis of surfaces of modihed polymers. ATR-FTIR is not very specihc to the polymer surfaces as the signals are a combination of surfaces and underneath. Therefore, XPS can be used for the surface analysis because this technique has much smaller sampling depth (typically, <10 nm) (Ma et al., 2007). 

This study addresses the question of how bulk polymer chemistry and surface energy affect the amount and the conformation of FN adsorbed to a series of polyurethaneureas. The technique of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) optics was used to continuously and non-invasively measure the kinetics of FN adsorption, as well as to monitor conformational changes occuring during adsorption. 

Infrared Spectroscopy. Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (Perkln-Elmer 1750) was used to measure surface characteristics of samples of various percent conversion. An attenuated total reflectance accessory with KRS-5 crystal (45°) provided sufficient absorp-... 

Applied Spectroscopy 51, No.8, Aug.1997, p.1083-91 IMPROVEMENTS IN USE OF ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED DICHROISM FOR MEASURING SURFACE ORIENTATION IN POLYMERS Everall N J Bibby A... 

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) [9] and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [10] with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) can also be used for routine surface studies. FTIR spectroscopy is known to have the sensitivity to determine the average orientation and reorientation of interfacial chains. But it does not directly provide information on the motion itself. The mobility of a solute in the neighborhood of an alkyl chain can be measured by fluorescence spectroscopy [11]. 

The second type of surface treatment is in principle an improving of the chemical reactivity of the substrates by chemical or physical treatment methods. All the systems known lead to oxidizing effects of the nonpolar substrate and create carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups at the surface which are polar and partly chemically reactive. The existence of these groups can be measured for example by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using the attenuated total reflexion (ATR) technique. 

More recently, an interesting technique has been used by Clark and Ducker [70] to measure kinetics, in the form of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. They found that total surface exchange of a cationic ammonium bromide surfactant on a silica surface occurred in slightly less than 10 s (fig. 19.6). This technique had been used previously by Couzis and Gulari [71, 72] to look at the adsorption kinetics of anionic surfactants at the alumina-water interface with apparent timescales in the region of tens of hours. 

Among these, some of the most frequently used are attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), optical microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enviromnental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurement, and some evaluation methods for the biocompatibility of membrane surfaces. 

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