Measurement of solids

Theron C C, Mars J A, Churms C L, Farmer J and Pretorius R 1998 In situ, real-time RBS measurement of solid state reaction in thin films Nuol. Instrum. Methods B 139 213... 

Cheng, Tung, and Soo [J. Eng. Power, 92, 135-149 (1970)] describe the use of an electrostatic probe for measurement of solids flow in a gas-solids mixture. 

Physical and Chemical Adsorption for the Measurement of Solid Surface Areas... 

The measures of solid state reactivity to be described include experiments on solid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-solid chemical reaction, solid-solid structural transitions, and hot pressing-sintering in the solid state. These conditions are achieved in catalytic activity measurements of rutile and zinc oxide, in studies of the dissolution of silicon nitride and rutile, the reaction of lead oxide and zirconia to form lead zirconate, the monoclinic to tetragonal transformation in zirconia, the theta-to-alpha transformation in alumina, and the hot pressing of aluminum nitride and aluminum oxide. 

Roliani, S. and Paine, K., 1987. Measurement of solids concentration of a soluble compound in a saturated slurry. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 65, 163. 

PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENTS OF SOLID PROPELLANTS, EXPLOSIVES, AND PYROTECHNICS... 

Fig. 7. A C-13 relaxation time measurement of solid state wetted cellulose acetate (6% by weight water) using the inversion recovery (IR) method at 50.1 MHz and spinning at 3.2 kHz at the magic angle (54.7 deg) with strong proton decoupling during the aquisition time (136.3 ms), (upper part of the Figure). Tau represents the intervals between the 180 deg (12.2 us) inverting and 90 deg (6.1 us) measuring pulse. 2200 scans were collected and the pulse delay time was 10 s, Cf. Table 3 and Ref.281...

The importance of obtaining accurate measurements of solid velocity is associated with the fact that the drag exerted by the fluid on the particle is approximately proportional to the square of the relative velocity. As the solid velocity frequently approaches the air velocity, the necessity for very accurate values is apparent,... 

Suitable Detecting Systems for Dilametric Measurement of Solids... 

In a competitive process, the excess energy can be dissipated by emission of a second or Auger electron from an outer shell of the atom, leaving it in a doubly ionised excited state. The relative importance of AES and XRF depends upon the atomic number (Z) of the element involved. High Z values favour fluorescence, whereas low Z favours AES. This fact, taken together with X-ray absorbance in air, makes XRF into a method which is not very sensitive for elements with atomic numbers below Z 10. Measurements of solid samples are normally made under vacuum, as the absorption of air renders analysis of elements lighter than Ti impossible. 

Noteworthy NMR studies involving nuclei other than phosphorus have been carried out for some P-chloro-NHPs where the possible occurrence of spontaneous P-Cl bond dissociation was probed by II NMR titrations and 35C1 NMR [20], and for P-cyclopentadienyl derivatives where measurement of solid-state 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra allowed one to substantiate the preservation of the circumambulatory ring migration of cyclopentadienyl groups in the solid state [47], Several neutral and cationic derivatives have also been studied by 15N NMR [20, 53],... 

In this review, we present a selection of studies from our own laboratory, intended to introduce a solid-state chemist to both the practical and theoretical considerations that need to be taken into account in XPS measurements of solids with substantial covalent character. Metal phosphides, arsenides, and antimonides represent such a category of solids where the bonding retains some polarity that notions of electron counting derived from the Zintl concept still prove helpful in providing a frame of reference for comparing charge distributions. We also describe the applications of XAS to complementary studies of the electronic structure of these materials. 

In Spectral Methods in Food Analysis (M.M. Mossoba, ed.), pp. 1-88. Dekker, New York. Eads, T.M. and Axelson, D.E. 1995. Nuclear cross relaxation spectroscopy and single point imaging measurements of solids and solidity in foods. In Magnetic Resonance in Food Science (P.S. Belton, F Delgadillo, A.M. Gil, and G.A. Webb, eds), pp. 230-242. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. 

The candela (cd) is equal to a lumen per steradian. A steradian is the measure of solid angle. A sphere has 4-7T sr on its surface area. This stems from the fact that the surface area of a sphere, SA = 4-nr2. The surface area divided by r2 gives the total solid angle of the sphere. Similarly, to calculate the solid angle of a piece of a sphere s surface, one takes the area of interest, and divides by the radius squared. This gives the solid angle in steradians. A steradian is dimensionless because it is the ratio of two areas. 

In the early part of this century, many types of solid electrolyte had already been reported. High conductivity was found in a number of metal halides. One of the first applications of solid electrolytes was to measure the thermodynamic properties of solid compounds at high temperatures. Katayama (1908) and Kiukkola and Wagner (1957) made extensive measurements of free enthalpy changes of chemical reactions at higher temperatures. Similar potentiometric measurements of solid electrolyte cells are still made in the context of electrochemical sensors which are one of the most important technical applications for solid electrolytes. 

Liquid-Solid Mixtures Liptak [Chem. Eng, 74(4), 151-158 (1967)] discusses a variety of techniques that can be used for the measurement of solids-in-liquid suspensions or slurries. These include metering pumps, weigli tanks, magnetic flowmeter, ultrasonic flowmeter, gyroscope flowmeter, etc. 

Contact Angle Goniometry as a Tool for Surface Tension Measurements of Solids, Using Zisman Plot Method 221... 

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