Measurement asynchronous

A key feature of apoptosis is that, similar to the cell cycle, the duration of apoptosis is variable and the process is asynchronous in most cell populations. Consequently, there are variable proportions of cells in distinct phases of apoptosis and a sample, collected from a culture in which apoptosis has been induced, will contain cells in all the phases of apoptosis. This could represent a major technical problem in the investigation of apoptosis and requires measurement of metabolic apoptotic changes concomitantly with established markers of apoptosis progression. Using the same cellular model described above, we investigated metabolic alterations induced by X-rays using flow cytometry and a panel of fluorochromes... 

Cell-cycle phase distribution in an asynchronous population of CEM cells that were fixed in ethanol and stained with PI. The data, acquired with a BD FACScan, are presented as a histogram of PI fluorescence (a measure of DNA content), recorded in units of channel numbers. Analysis of the DNA frequency content histogram was performed with Modfit LT software... 

As predicted by Otis, the method is believed capable of detecting asynchronous mechanical behavior (unequal regional ventilatory time constants), which otherwise can be documented only by the considerably more difficult measurement of dynamic lung compliance. 

The BioView sensor (DELTA Light Optics, Denmark) was developed especially for industrial applications. It is capable of completely automatic optical measurement for monitoring and control of different bioprocesses. The instrument is conceived to withstand harsh industrial environments (e.g., high temperature, moisture) and electromagnetic interference. For data transfer a single-fiber asynchronous modem is used, which allows a distance between the computer and spectrometer of up to several hundred meters. 

A systematic examination of the transition structures for the peroxyformic acid epoxidation at various levels of theory confirms the above suggestion that the MP2 method does provide adequate geometries for a conjugated carbon-carbon double bond in 1,3-butadiene (Figure 23). However, the inverse KIEs measured by HanzUk and Shearer " for 4-vinylbiphenyl are specific to conjugated alkenes and should not be used as evidence of an asynchronous epoxidation TS for simple nonconjugated aUcenes. ... 

Figure 9 For quasi spherical proteins, the molecular size (measured here by N, the number of amino acid residues) is proportional to R2. However, IDPs (circled), dominated by asynchronized and fragmented motions exhibit lower R2 values than expected based on their length.

BPS (bits per second) A measurement of how much data (how many bits) is being transmitted in one second. Typically used to describe the speed of asynchronous communications (modems). 

Stricharts It could be there. We are looking at the measured discharge from about 10 fibres. Although they are in synchrony right after the initial spike, they could go into a burst mode later on. If they were asynchronous at that time, you wouldn t be able to see it, so you would have to tease out a small fibre to look for this. We have looked in peripheral nerve at single units in an anaesthetized rat in vivo, but we have never seen a peripheral sensory fibre that showed any burst activity. 

KIEs are frequently measured to determine whether PCET reactions proceed via stepwise or concerted mechanisms. Small KIEs are frequently cited as evidence for an asynchronous PCET or stepwise ET/PT reaction whereas large KIEs often... 

When, however, the rates of electron and proton transfer are comparable and coupled to each other, intermediate slopes are obtained (between -0.5 and -1.0) [76-78]. Accordingly, the measured Marcus slopes of-0.72 and -0.71 support the assignment of a concerted PCET process for the oxidation of the substituted phenols by the Cu metal complexes. Additionally, KIEs of 1.21 to 1.56 are also consistent with an asynchronous PCET process in which there is some proton motion but a large ET component in the transition state. 

Development of model based DBS techniques exploiting the methods of nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics was pioneered by P. A. Tass, who proposed a number of approaches. The main idea of these approaches is that suppression of the pathological rhythm should be achieved in such a way that (i) activity of individual units is not suppressed, but only their firing becomes asynchronous, and (ii) the stimulation should be minimized, e.g., it is desirable to switch it off as soon as the synchrony is suppressed (see [48, 49] and references therein). Following these ideas we suggested in our previous publications [40, 41] a delayed feedback suppression control scheme (Fig. 13.5), cf. delayed and non-delayed techniques for stabilization of lowdimensional systems [5, 22, 39] and for control of noise-induced motion [24]. In our approach it is assumed that the collective activity of many neurons is reflected in the local field potential (LFP) which can be registered by an extracellular microelectrode. Delayed and amplified LFP signal can be fed back into the systems via the second or same electrode (see [37] and references therein for a description of one electrode measurement -stimulation setup.) Numerical simulation as well as analytical analysis of the delayed feedback control demonstrate that it indeed can be exploited for suppression of the collective synchrony. 

Similar calculations have been done for propenal. For the uncatalyzed reaction, the endo-cis TS is slightly favored over the exo-cis the two trans TSs are more than 1 kcal/mol higher. The order is the same for the catalyzed reaction, but the differences are accentuated. The TSs for the catalyzed reactions are considerably more asynchronous than those for the uncatalyzed reactions. For example, for the reaction of butadiene and acrolein, the asynchronicity was measured as the difference in bond length of the two forming bonds. 

---