Measurement and Interpretation

Jarvis S P and Tokumoto FI 1997 Measurement and interpretation of forces in the atomic force microscope Probe Microscopy 1 65... 

The physical techniques used in IC analysis all employ some type of primary analytical beam to irradiate a substrate and interact with the substrate s physical or chemical properties, producing a secondary effect that is measured and interpreted. The three most commonly used analytical beams are electron, ion, and photon x-ray beams. Each combination of primary irradiation and secondary effect defines a specific analytical technique. The IC substrate properties that are most frequendy analyzed include size, elemental and compositional identification, topology, morphology, lateral and depth resolution of surface features or implantation profiles, and film thickness and conformance. A summary of commonly used analytical techniques for VLSI technology can be found in Table 3. 

Reducing this analysis to a technique for determining B, Jenike s method provides a practical way to measure and interpret the strength... 

Though it is easy to determine formally what is a yield stress, in practice its measurement faces essential methodical and principal difficulties. Here two approaches are basically used, stationary and dynamic . During stationary measurements a flow curve is measured and interpretation of the results obtained leads to the definition of a yield stress. An example of such an approach is given in Fig. 1, where experimental points are shown conventionally. They can be obtained under the con-... 

The small amount of available crystalline abscisin II limited this investigation to the measurement and interpretation of elemental analysis, mass spectrum, and infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra (11). 

In 159 and 163-166 the tertiary amine function is coordinated to the boron atom and transmits the electronic change due to the ester formation to the chromophore. In 160-162 the boron atom is directly connected to the chromophore. After the complexation of the saccharide, the change of the charge transfer, e.g., for 159 [249-251], or the fluorescence bands, e.g., for 160-166 [252-255], can be measured and interpreted. The most selective binding of n-glucose has been achieved with host 164 that forms a 1 1 complex with a macrocyclic structure (Scheme 1). 

The mass spectrum of polymeric sulfur S, prepared from either liquid sulfur or by extraction of commercial flowers of sulfur , has been measured and interpreted in terms of Ss, Sy, and Ss molecules leaving the polymer on heating and depolymerization [203]. This result is in agreement with depolymerization studies in solution which also show Ss and Sy as the major thermal degradation products [174]. 

The previous chapters are exclusively devoted to the measurements and interpretation of Fe spectra of various iron-containing systems. Iron is, by far, the most extensively explored element in the field of chemistry compared with all other Mdssbauer-active elements because the Mossbauer effect of Fe is very easy to observe and the spectra are, in general, well resolved and they reflect important information about bonding and structural properties. Besides iron, there are a good number of other transition metals suitable for Mossbauer spectroscopy which is, however, less extensively studied because of technical and/or spectral resolution problems. In recent years, many of these difficulties have been overcome, and we shall see in the following sections a good deal of successful Mossbauer spectroscopy that has been performed on compounds of... 

Nevertheless, ionization often complicates the measurement and interpretation of partition coefficient because of the charge distribution it generates across the interface. It is therefore necessary to briefly recall the fundamentals of partition thermodynamics at the ITIES. 

Hong, J.H., Malone, P.V., Jett, M.D., and R. Kobayashi, "The measurement and Interpretation of the Fluid Phase Equilibria of a Normal Fluid in a Hydrogen Bonding Solvent The Methane-Methanol System", Fluid Phase Equilibria, 38,83-86(1987). 

The bioavailability of drugs from tablets can be markedly influenced by the rate and efficiency of the initial disintegration and dissolution process. Unfortunately, one is faced with a compromise situation — a structure that has both a durable structure prior to administration and the ability to readily break down when placed in the in vivo environment. One of the major factors affecting both these properties is the structure of the tablet, in particular its density (or porosity) and the pore structure. Study of the significance of such measurements and interpretation of the results is a relatively recent field of interest. 

Fleischmann, M., M. Labram, C. Gabrielli, and A. Sattar, The measurement and interpretation of stochastic effects in electrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry, Surface Science, 101, 583 (1980). 

The TLM is based on laboratory measurements of adsorption on materials that are suspended in solution. No satisfactory methods for measuring and interpreting the adsorptive properties of intact host rock have been developed for TLM application. 

V. Conditions for Valid Measurement and Interpretation of Limiting Currents. . 252... 

Siemons N. and Busch A. Measurment and interpretation of supercritical C02 sorption on various coals. 2007 International Journal of Coal Geology 69(4) 229-242. 

The He(l) photoelectron spectra <1997JMT(392)21> of ATQ and TATCD were measured and interpreted by means of ab initio outer valence Green function calculations (OVGF). These gave an overall consistent agreement with the main features in the spectra, in particular of the n (N) bands. 

The interpretation of the available empirical evidence of the absolute and relative magnitude of pharmaceutical expenditure on an aggregate or macroeconomic level is often prone to the effects of confusing the level of expenditure with the cost or price of care. It is of great value to identify two very important aspects for measuring and interpreting pharmaceutical expenditure. 

Basic aim of PMS04 was not to waste valuable sets of measurements acquired during the years by several authors in galactic PNe, whose resulting chemical abundances are however not easy to handle, because of the inhomogeneity of the analyses due to different atomic data and different procedures used by the various authors to interpret the data. We decided to go back to the original measurements and interpret all of them with an unique best assessed procedure. 

The first of these difficulties arises primarily because of uncertainty in the temperature structure of the stars whose spectra are observed, measured, and interpreted to obtain Li abundance estimates. The problem can in turn be divided into three aspects ... 

Section 3, the main section of this paper, deals with the NMR of bulk semiconductors. Section 3.1 lists the various relevant terms in the NMR spin Hamiltonian. The NMR techniques and strategies that can be employed to obtain the individual NMR parameters of the spin Hamiltonian and theoretical calculations of NMR parameters will be discussed in Sect. 3.2. The remaining subsections will provide examples from the important classes of semiconductors that illustrate the measurement and interpretation of each of the spin Hamiltonian parameters, with an emphasis on what information about semiconductors the parameters convey. 

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