Measured elevator angle

The radiance observed from a body depends on the elevation angle 9, which is the angle from the surface normal at which the measurement is made. If S is iadependent of 9, the radiance at 0, is given by Lambert s cosiae law ... 

The elevation angle, and through appropriate data processing a, can be measured with a bivane (a vane pivoted so as to move in the vertical as well as the horizontal). Bivanes require frequent maintenance and caUbra-tion and are affected by precipitation and formation of dew. A bivane is therefore more a research instrument than an operational one. Vertical fluctuations may be measured by sensing vertical velocity w and calculating o- , from the output of a propeller anemometer mounted on a vertical shaft. 

The instrument should be placed away from other instrumentation and the propeller axis carefully aligned to be vertical. The specifications of this sensor are the same as those of the wind sensor. Because this instrument will frequently be operating near its lower threshold and because the elevation angle of the wind vector is small, such that the propeller will be operating at yaw angles where it has least accuracy, this method of measuring vertical velocity is not likely to be as accurate as the measurement of horizontal fluctuation. 

Figure 4-18. Observed scattered radiance at 46.3 km for viewing elevation angles at 14.6° and —3.1° along with SUSIM measurements of the solar irradiance above the atmosphere by the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM van Hoosier et at, 1988). The solar zenith angle at the time of the scattered radiance measurements during a 1983 balloon flight over Palestine, Texas, is 28°. From Minschwaner et al. (1995).

Here y is the elevation angle of one photodetector measured from the bisector plane of the two incident beams (i. e. the y-z-plane in Figure 7-16 where also the optical axis of the PDA-receiver is located). It should be emphasized that... 

The planar PDA is shown schematically in Figure 7-35, in which the laser beams, their polarization direction and the photodetectors, all lie in the same plane (i.e. y-z plane). As with conventional PDA arrangements, the position of the detectors, i.e. their elevation angles, must be chosen to yield a linear relationship between measured phase and particle diameter. This is possible for most liquids, resulting in general in a substantially lower slope in the phase/diameter dependence. On the other hand the typical oscillations of phase... 

Distance from measuring volume Elevation angle... 

It is clear that any processing method used to overcome the ambiguities due to nonmonotonic response, would become ineffective if the fiuctuations in the response curve are too large and too frequent. Hence, smooth response curves, even if nonmonotonic, are desirable. Fortunately, the phase-diameter relations for small particles, as shown in Fig. 4, are fairly smooth. As an example, the response curve of iron particles at = 90 may be considered, where a measured phase of 60 corresponds to three discrete values of diameter. Out of this set of three values, the correct diameter will be easily identified when this measurement will be compared with one more phase measurement at a different elevation angle. In the situation considered in Fig. 4, two phase measurements are likely to be sufficient to resolve the particle material and to yield the correct value of the particle diameter. 

In this study, we examined the methods used to evaluate the assistance functions of full-body suits by focusing on EMG measures of the crural muscles, the center of mass positions, and the elevation angle of the chest in order to evaluate the assisting functions of a full-body suit when the subjects wearing the suit are in an upright position and changes occur in their posture. 

As a consequence, it was found that EMG measures of the tibialis anterior may reflect the assisting effects of the suit s elastic material around the ankle joints and that the center of gravity position and the elevation angle may reflect the posture correcting effect of the suit. In the future, we would like to verify this evaluation method by using elderly people and people with weak muscles as the test subjects. 

Atrop is estimated with a mathematical model such as Hopfield model, modified Hopfield models, and Saastamoinen model. In these models, the tropospheric delay in zenith direction is estimated first and is multiplied by the mapping function which represents the effect of elevation angle. For more precise application, Atrop is treated as an unknown parameter. The ionospheric delay A,o also can be calculated with a mathematical model, but it is efficiently eliminated using the combination of LI and L2 frequency measurements (Hofmaim-Wellenhof et al. 1994). Therefore, L1/L2 GPS receiver is commonly used for determining the cmstal deformation. LI GPS receiver is used only in the case of short baseline. 

A zero or near-zero contact angle is necessary otherwise results will be low. This was found to be the case with surfactant solutions where adsorption on the ring changed its wetting characteristics, and where liquid-liquid interfacial tensions were measured. In such cases a Teflon or polyethylene ring may be used [47]. When used to study monolayers, it may be necessary to know the increase in area at detachment, and some calculations of this are available [48]. Finally, an alternative method obtains y from the slope of the plot of W versus z, the elevation of the ring above the liquid surface [49]. 

Here, is the average effective radius of pore, is surface tension between liquid and vapor, 0 is the contact angle, rj is the dynamic viscosity of the electrolyte, and h is the height elevation of the electrolyte within pore at time r. In the experiment, the amount of electrol he wetted within the anode electrode, m, expressed as h = m/pAP, was measured instead of the height, h. Integrated Eq. (l)for t becomes Eq. (2). 

AZ Azimuth point angle measured between the plane of the array (generally also the SBR velocity vector) and the elevation plane... 

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