McClintock

Brandt, D., W. George, C. Elathaway, andN. McClintock. 1992. An Engineer s Guide to Plant Eayout. Part 2. The Impact of Codes, Standards and Regulations. Chemical Engineering, 99(4), 89-94. 

These two contributions can be evaluated separately in terms of the sensitivity coefficients of the result to the measured quantities by using the propagation equation of Kline and McClintock (1953) ... 

McClintock M. (1983). Pheromomal regulation of the ovarian cycle enhancement, suppression and synchrony. In Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals (Vandenberg J.G., ed.). Academic Press, New York, pp. 113-150. 

Brandt, D., George, W., Hathaway C. and McClintock, N. (1992) Chem. Eng., NY, 99 (April) 97. Plant layout, Part 2 The impact of codes, standards and regulations. 

McClintock JB, Baker BJ (2001) (eds) Marine chemical ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton... 

Sato M, McClintock C, Kim J, et al. (1994) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of Raloxifene effects on the lumbar vertebrae and femora of ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 9 715-724... 

Schank, J. C. and McClintock, M. K. (1997) Ovulatory pheromone shortens ovarian cycles of female rats living in olfactory isolation. Physiol. Behav. 62, 899-904. 

Pheromones have been defined as substances released by an individual into the external environment which precipitate a particular reaction in a conspecific (Karlson and Liischer 1959). Pheromones are used by species in a variety of phyla (see e.g. McClintock, Jacob, Zelano and Hayreh 2001), and there exist many examples of pheromone-mediated behaviour in a wide range of mammals, particularly in relation to mating behaviour and maturation (see e.g. Vandenbergh 1983). In humans however, the question of whether pheromones influence behaviour was recently listed by Science magazine as one of the top 100 outstanding questions (Anon 2005). A recent review of behavioural and anatomical studies relating to the function of pheromones in human interactions concluded that while a small number were unambiguously supportive , none seemed ultimately conclusive (Hays 2003). 

Claims of commercial manufacturers notwithstanding, it is evident that pheromones do not function as behavioural releasers in humans in the same way as they do in other species. Instead of searching for specific reactions to purported human pheromones, it may be that these chemicals are better described as modulators (Jacob and McClintock 2000) which influence psychological states and, thereby, also influence behaviour in a variety of fashions depending on the situation in which they are experienced, or the accompanying cues. The co-occurrence of different cues can affect their interpretation (Rowe 1999). In humans, we know that odour cues provide non-redundant information about potential mates because, while both visual and olfactory cues may be used to gauge physical attractiveness, the information in each is not equivalent (Roberts, Little, Gosling, Jones, Perrett, Carter and Petrie 2005). 

Jacob, S., Garcia, S., Hayreh, D. and McClintock, M. K. (2002) Psychological effects of musky compounds Comparison of androstadienone with androstenol and muscone. Horm. Behav. 42, 274-283. 

Jacob, S., Kinnunen, L. H., Metz, J., Cooper, M. and McClintock, M. K. (2001a) Sustained human chemosignal unconsciously alters brain function. NeuroReport 12, 2391-2394. 

McClintock, M. K., Jacob, S., Zelano, B. and Hayreh, D. J. (2001) Pheromones and vasanas The functions of social chemosignals. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 47, 75-112. 

Jacob, S. and McClintock, M.K. (2000) Psychological state and mood effects of steroidal chemosignals in women and men. Horm. Behav. 37, 57-78. 

Jacob, S., McClintock, M.K., Zelano, B. and Ober, C. (2002) Paternally inherited HLA alleles are associated with women s choice of male odor. Nat. Genet. 30, 175-179. 

James B. McClintock Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,... 

Harbome JB (1989) Recent advances in chemical ecology. Nat Prod Rep 6 85-109 Harper MK, Bugni TS, Copp BR, James RD, Lindsay BS, Richardson AD, Schnabel PC, Tasdemir D, VanWagoner RM, Verbitzki SM, Ireland CM (2001) Introduction to the chemical ecology of marine natural products. In McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine chemical ecology. CRC, Boca Raton, FL... 

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